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They start school treatment xanthoma persantine 100 mg low price, where they learn both how to interact with others and a myriad of academic skills medicine x boston purchase persantine with a mastercard. People remain in this stage for the rest of their lives and seek sexual pleasure through sexual relationships with others medications when pregnant order persantine online from canada. For instance treatment plan template buy persantine without a prescription, a child who was not fed regularly or who was overly indulged might develop an oral fixation. Such people, as adults, might evidence a tendency to overeat, a propensity to chew gum, an addiction to smoking, or another similar mouth-related behavior. Freud described two kinds of personalities resulting from an anal fixation due to a traumatic toilet training. The term anal retentive is used to describe people who are meticulously neat, hyperorganized, and a bit compulsive. Fixation in the phallic stage can result in people who appear excessively sexually assured and aggressive or, alternatively, who are consumed with their perceived sexual inadequacies. These fixations result from psychic energy, the libido, getting stuck in one of the psychosexual stages. Freud believed that much of peoples behavior is controlled by a region of the mind he called the unconscious. In fact, Freud asserted that we spend tremendous amounts of psychic energy to keep threatening thoughts in the unconscious. The conscious mind contains everything we are thinking about at any one moment, while the preconscious contains everything that we could potentially summon to conscious awareness with ease. For instance, as you read these words, I hope you are not thinking about your plans for the upcoming weekend; these thoughts were in your preconscious. However, now that I have mentioned these plans, you have brought them into your conscious mind. Freud posited that the personality consists of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud believed two types of instincts exist: Eros (the life instincts) and Thanatos (the death instincts). Eros is most often evidenced as a desire for sex, while Thanatos is seen in aggression. They cry whenever they desire something without regard to the external world around them. The ego follows the reality principle, which means its job is to negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment. Around the age of five, children begin to develop a conscience and to think about what is right and wrong. As you cram for that midterm, the id tells you to go to sleep because you are tired or to go to that party because it will be fun. Freudian theory puts great emphasis on the contents of the unconscious as opposed to the conscious. We are aware of what is in our conscious mind but unaware of what is in our unconscious. The conscience, on the other hand, is our sense of right and wrong and is typically associated with the superego in Freudian theory. Part of the egos job is to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts buried in the unconscious. Assume that Muffy, captain of the high school cheerleading squad, decides to leave her boyfriend of two years, Biff, the star wide receiver of the football team, for Alvin, the star of the schools chess team. Needless to say, Biff is devastated, but his ego can choose from a great variety of defense mechanisms with which to protect him. When people displace negative emotions like anger, they often displace them onto people who are less threatening than the source of the emotion. For instance, a child who is angry at his or her teacher would be more likely to displace the anger onto a classmate than onto the teacher. In displacement, person A has feelings about person B but redirects these feelings onto a third person or an object. In projection, person A has feelings toward person B but believes, instead, that person B has those feelings toward him or her (person A). Criticisms of Freud One common criticism of Freudian theory is that little empirical evidence supports it. For example, verifying the existence of many of Freuds constructs such as the unconscious, the Oedipus complex, or Thanatos is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Furthermore, psychoanalytic theory is able to interpret both positive and negative reactions to the theory as support. For instance, both the man who is convinced by his analysts suggestion that his difficulties stem from an unresolved attraction to his mother and the man who vociferously protests this idea can be accommodated by psychoanalytic theory. The former is compelled by the logic of the argument, while the latters very resistance to the idea is evidence of the threatening nature of a repressed desire. While analysts can use the theory to create logical and often compelling explanations of why an individual acted in a certain way or developed a certain problem after the fact, psychoanalytic theory does not allow us to predict what problems an individual will develop ahead of time. Psychoanalytic theory is also criticized for overestimating the importance of early childhood and of sex. Much contemporary research contradicts the idea that personality is essentially set by the age of five. Similarly, Freuds almost exclusive focus on sexual motivation led some psychologists to try to broaden the theory. Feminists such as Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow believe that this idea grew out of Freuds assumption that men were superior to women rather than from any empirical observations. They suggested that if women were envious of men, it was probably due to all the advantages men enjoyed in society. Horney posited that men may suffer from womb envy, jealousy of womens reproductive capabilities. Feminists also take issue with Freuds assertion that men have stronger superegos than women. Impact of Freudian Theory Despite its shortcomings, Freudian theory has profoundly affected the world. Many people accept the idea that children are sexual creatures and that our behavior is shaped by unconscious thoughts. Freuds impact on culture is arguably greater than its impact on contemporary psychology. Many of the terms originally invented by Freud have crept into laypeoples language (for example, ego, unconsious, penis envy, denial). Salvador Dalis surrealist paintings are said to depict the unconscious, and Woody Allens films frequently feature a character undergoing psychoanalysis and playing out a Freudian drama. These approaches are now usually referred to as psychodynamic or neo-Freudian approaches. Two of the best-known creators of psychodynamic theories are Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Jung proposed that the unconscious consists of two different parts: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Jung believed that an individuals personal unconscious contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not wish to confront; he termed these complexes. The collective unconscious is passed down through the species and, according to Jung, explains certain similarities we see between cultures. The collective unconscious contains archetypes that Jung defined as universal concepts we all share as part of the human species. For example, the shadow represents the evil side of personality and the persona is peoples creation of a public image. Jung suggested that the widespread existence of certain fears, such as fear of the dark, and the importance of the circle in many cultures, provides evidence for archetypes. Adler is called an ego psychologist because he downplayed the importance of the unconscious and focused on the conscious role of the ego. Adler believed that people are motivated by the fear of failure, which he termed inferiority, and the desire to achieve, which he called superiority.

What are the major differences between the five individuals featured in this material Describe these two concepts in relation to each of the five persons described in this manual treatment lichen sclerosis effective 100mg persantine. What would be the most difficult aspects of adjusting to a body of the opposite sex The surgical procedures by which one persons physical appearance and/or function is altered to resemble and act like the other sex xerostomia medications that cause buy discount persantine 25mg on line. Jurisdictions with Explicitly Transgender-Inclusive Nondiscrimination Laws 35 Hate Crime Laws in the U symptoms 4 weeks 3 days pregnant discount 25 mg persantine with amex. This is a chance to update the current laws in order to have consistency and predictability in the way Colorados anti-discrimination laws are applied treatment 2014 persantine 25mg without prescription. It will also add sex, marital status, disability, age, national origin, ancestry and religion as needed. We must be sure to have protections not only against blatant acts of discrimination that occur, but also against the subtle discrimination that remains so pervasive. This bill passed the Senate, the House and on May 29, 2008, was signed into law by governor Ritter. Ronald Brock, a 69-year-old former hairstylist, drives his truth truck around the Colorado Supreme Court building. His truck is covered with photos and signs protesting this Colorado law signed into law by the Colorado Governor Bill Ritter. This law prohibits discrimination based on sex or sexual orientation (Chasing demons, 2008). This project disseminates information via their website concerning state and local legislation that impacts the transgendered community. The total number of people now living in a jurisdiction with a transgender-inclusive anti-discrimination law in the United States is 109 million, 39% of the U. The measure seeks to prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity or expression in housing, employment, credit and public accommodations and would add gender identity or expression to the states hate crimes law. The total number of people now living in a jurisdiction with a transgender-inclusive anti-discrimination law in the U. The total number of people now living in a jurisdiction with a transgender-inclusive anti-discrimination law in the United States is 94 million people, 34% of the U. New Jersey: On December 19, New Jersey enacted a law prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity or expression. The total number of people now living in a jurisdiction with a transgender-inclusive anti-discrimination law in the United States is 80. The total number of people now living in a jurisdiction with a transgender-inclusive anti-discrimination law in the United States is 69 million people, 25% of the U. Connecticut: On May 21, Connecticut added gender identity and expression to the state hate crimes law. California: On August 2, California amended the definition of sex to include protections for gender identity or expression in its employment and housing nondiscrimination law. New Mexico: On April 8, New Mexico added sexual orientation and gender identity to its non-discrimination law covering housing, employment and public accommodations. On the same day, New Mexico passed a hate crime law that included gender identity or expression among many other categories. The total number of people now living in a jurisdiction with a transgender-inclusive antidiscrimination law in the U. New Jersey: On September 6, New Jersey passed a Safe Schools Law, which covered gender identity or expression among many other categories. Pennsylvania: On December 3, Pennsylvania passed a Hate Crimes Law, which added gender identity among many other categories. Assisted by: Serra Aygun & Maureen Polen, Law Student Clerks Harrington & Mahoney 70 Niagara Street, 3rd Floor Buffalo, New York 14202-3407 Tel: (716) 853-3700 mjm@harringtonmahoney. No clinically significant delay in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self-help skills, adaptive behavior (other than in social interaction), and curiosity about the environment in childhood. Finding the right schools, curriculum, and therapists, and struggling constantly to teach the child the social conventions and interpersonal skills which neurotypical youth learn on their own, is an exhausting and expensive venture. Mostly parents and their child fear that the symptoms typical of this condition will present a barrier to social acceptance and meaningful adult relationships. They also fear that the childs social naivete will lead to the childs victimization or the child being lured into dangerous situations. At worst, these parents suppose the individuals obliviousness to social mores may result in misinterpretation of their behavior as offensive or criminal. Their curiosity, unrestrained by social or legal taboos, of which they are unaware, leads them to view images of underage. This has resulted in criminal convictions, lengthy mandatory prison sentences, and a lifetime of reporting, ostracization, and residency restrictions as sex offenders. Unfortunately, the enforcement of laws against child pornography is highly pressurized with well-intentioned sentiments arising from the real, though never understated, need to protect children from abuse. The term Aspergers Syndrome was coined in 1981 by Lorna Wing, an English psychiatrist, after Dr. In the past decade, however, our understanding of these characteristics has improved. In critical areas, including criminal justice, however, this understanding lags, often tragically, far behind what is necessary. The commonly described clinical and diagnostic features of the syndrome 19 include: 1) qualitative impairments in social interaction; 2) failure to understand and 20 appreciate proper, socially expected behavior and mores; 3) pedantic and monotonic 18 Id. In contrast to Autistic Disorder, there are no clinically significant delays or deviance in language acquisition. In contrast to Autistic Disorder, Mental Retardation is not usually observed in Aspergers Disorder. In fact, variability of cognitive functioning may be observed, often with strengths in non-verbal areas. There is a conspicuous lack of facial expressions or a reduction in diversity of expressions and limitations in the use of gesture and difficulties in understanding others nonverbal cues. Verbal communication is characterized by highly circumstantial utterances, long-winded and incoherent verbal accounts failing to convey a clear message or thought, and one-sidedness. They may be able to describe correctly, in a cognitive and often formalistic fashion, other peoples emotions, expected intentions, and social conventions; yet, they are unable to act on this knowledge in an intuitive and spontaneous fashion, thus losing the tempo of the interaction. Their poor intuition and lack of spontaneous adaptation are accompanied by marked reliance on formalistic rules of behavior and rigid social conventions. This representation is largely responsible for the impression of social naivete and behavioral rigidity that is so forcefully conveyed by these individuals. These cues can be facial expressions, or physical gestures, or the reaction of other persons to what one persons says or does, or things occurring in the 29 background. Arturo Silva describe Theory of Mind (ToM), meaning the ability to estimate the 30 cognitive, perceptual, and affective life of others as well as of the self. In contrast, the normal comparison viewers visual scanning delineated a rather loaded social triangle. Adequate interpretation of social situations also requires assessing others reactions to the speaker to make sense of the social dynamics unfolding in the conversation. Arturo Silva, Aspergers Disorder and Criminal Behavior: Forensic-Psychiatric Considerations. Compared to same-age peers, they may seem more naive, more emotionally volatile, and less in control of 34 themselves.

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However medications side effects order persantine without a prescription, the pedophiles gathered from the pre-sentence investigation did not so much show an erotic preference for reports 300 medications for nclex order persantine 100mg overnight delivery, which were used by the court for children as display a failure to either inhibit sentencing proceedings medicine 027 best purchase persantine. Eight independent responding to children or to show a clear erotic variables were found to significantly discriminate preference for adults symptoms appendicitis purchase 100mg persantine overnight delivery. Non-pedophilic subjects among the three types of sex offenders almost showed an attenuated response to children 90% of the time. Based on these results, the their own, they conflict with the reports authors concluded that pedophiles are more indicating that pedophiles tend to exhibit strong likely to have experienced sexual victimization as sexual preferences for children. The authors a child, to prefer pre-pubertal sex partners and suggest that this may be a result of the rather to be motivated to seduce their victims than small sample from which the present data were non-pedophiles. Overall, choice of victim was clearly ephebophiles are more likely to have related only to sexual response patterns, and experienced external stress than nonthen only in the case of a prepubescent victim. However, was to compare sexually repressed and nonpedophiles were the most difficult to correctly repressed child molesters on therapy progress classify (84. The authors attribute this 29 phenomenon to the fact that pedophiles victims measure to significantly improve accuracy once are typically young and are not always able to the other two modalities were considered. The unwillingness to disclose that information makes it less likely that Offenders a pedophile will be discovered. They purport that this manipulative behavior is harder to Some researchers claim that clergy offenders detect. Camargo (1997) improved on the diagnostic accuracy of any concluded that clergy offenders were unique single measure. One hundred twenty-four based upon their status as Diocesan priests and males voluntarily consented to participate in an the combination of passivity (with the absence outpatient evaluation and treatment program for of overt hostility), test-taking styles which child molesters. Of these, 56% were referred present the self as being free of major from the Florida Department of Corrections, symptoms, low anxiety and high relative 31% were referred from private practitioners, gregariousness. The average age of sexual abuse between clergy and non-clergy the participants was 36. Few of the participants in either group showed that 14% were middle class, 20% were had been sexually abused as children. The reliability of all literature, Plante (1996) maintains that clergy measures was high. All three measures used to offenders display shyness, loneliness, and assess pedophilic interest. The addiction problems while Rorschach results card-sort measure showed the greatest indicated greater affect constriction than normal. It is postulated that those priests Baars and Terruwe (1971), which reveals that who sexually offend may in fact be acting out 20-25% of the priests had serious psychiatric their chronically over-controlled anger and difficulties while 60-70% suffered from aggression. The authors assert that convicted clergy offenders (seven of which were some of the priests experienced psychological either Catholic priests or religious brothers) and disturbances developed in childhood whereas concluded that the subjects were well educated, others developed difficulties while in the of average to above-average intelligence, and seminary. Those who were rigidity and dysfunction with themes of abuse, underdeveloped were more comfortable with had little insight into these areas, had teenagers, had few friends their own age, and insufficient training in the issue of used intellectualization as a coping device. As transference/counter transference, had virtually cited by Scheper-Hughes (1998), Kennedy no training or education concerning sexual ascertains that The vows of poverty and abuse, domestic violence, addictive disease, or obedience infantilize the adult male, making him healthy professional boundaries, and failed to dependant on a series of father figures at a time appreciate how their history of trauma affected when they should be in control of their own lives their professional life. The vow of celibacy takes from disorders with features of the adult a main vehicle for the expression of antisocial/psychopathic traits or paranoid, intimate social relations. However, these results must be individual, an exhaustive assessment must first interpreted with caution due to methodological take place. While there is has illustrated that specific factors contribute to no universally accepted assessment paradigm, offending behavior. Grubin that recidivists had poor social support, attitudes (1997) argues that actuarial instruments provide tolerant of sexual assault, antisocial lifestyles, little information pertaining to the causation and poor self-management strategies and difficulties management of sexual offending and say complying with supervision. While clinical showed similarities with the non-recidivists assessments can provide greater detail, Grubin concerning general mood, but the recidivists provides evidence that it is a paradigm displayed more anger and subjective distress essentially based upon untested and unsound before reoffending. The metaWhen interpreting risk factors, it is analysis conducted by Hanson and Bussiere imperative that the mental health professional (1998) illustrated that the best predictors of specifies both the static and dynamic factors recidivism were sexual deviancy as measured by applicable to the individual. The authors propose that screening tools have included interviews, this effect was not observed in the use of the questionnaires, home visits and police reports. Hanson and Thornton (2000) and slides depicting children, adolescents and combined the two scales in order to determine adults. The individual then rates these images whether or not a hybrid would display greater based upon on how sexually arousing they are. A psychophysiological hand monitor then these instruments were applied across four data records physiological responses. Cross-validation of these when applied in a setting that assumes a 5% two instruments on a sample of 1,400 Swedish prevalence rate of child molestation. The sex offenders illustrated that both instruments volumetric phallometer (sensitivity 86. However, the abusive clerics from mentally ill clerics, but the combined scale failed to identify many of the authors urge that a multidimensional approach ephebophiles in the sample. Even though earlier nonContemporary sex offender treatment behavioral treatment approaches were programs (both in the U. Watson includes cognitive-behavioral techniques, relapse and Alfred Kinsey were prominent in the prevention strategies and psychopharmacology development of behavioral treatment to treat child sex offenders. However, limited information existed Cognitive-behavioral treatment has emerged as about the long-term effects on overt behavior of the principal type of treatment used to modify these techniques. This decade is also comprehensive structured treatment approach, noted for the further development of cognitive-behavioral treatment integrates phallometric evaluations in assessment and the cognitive restructuring methods and behavioral associated focus on modifying sexual techniques. According to Nicholaichuk and preferences, introduction of cognitive processes Yates (2002), this treatment approach is based and the first description of more comprehensive on the premise that cognitive and affective treatment programs. Further, a wide variety of programs 35 Combinations of behavioral approaches are confidence and the use of intoxicants are frequently used in an attempt to address deviant targeted (Laws & Marshall, 2003). These approaches modules, which include role-playing of specific include covert sensitization, aversion therapy types of social interactions, behavioral and masturbatory satiation. The objective of assignments and presentations on various these approaches is to reduce deviant sexual aspects of social skills are the techniques utilized behavior/fantasy while maintaining and/or to address these social difficulties. The subsequent development of of a negative consequence (aversive event) with empathy will inhibit future sexual abuse since the sexual arousal stimulus. An example of this empathy is something that people learn, rather technique would consist of having the offender than an instinct. This is achieved in treatment imagine a paraphilic event in order to elicit through utilization of audiovisual methods and arousal, and at that point, imagine the materials to demonstrate the pain associated humiliation of getting arrested for the event with victimization. Masturbatory satiation requires the Cognitive restructuring is an integral part of offender to masturbate to ejaculation while cognitive-behavioral treatment. The previously, child sex offenders construct internal offender then continues to masturbate for 50rationalizations, excuses and cognitive 120 minutes while verbalizing deviant sexual distortions in order to maintain their sexually fantasies. Therefore, it is paramount result in orgasm during the given time period, it that an offenders cognitive distortions are is hoped that the offender will learn to associate challenged so that he can comprehend his faulty deviant fantasy with unsatisfactory sexual thinking and recognize its distorted, self-serving activity. Role-play is includes enhancing relationship skills, also utilized in which the therapist plays the appropriate social interaction and empathy role of the offender, elaborating on the cognitive (Marshall, 1989; McFall, 1990; Seidman et al. Social problem process, while the offender plays various roles, solving, conversational skills, managing social including that of a victims parent and/or an old anxiety, assertiveness, conflict resolution, friend, who supports his taking responsibility for empathy and intimacy, anger management, selfhis behavior and admitting his distortions. This abstainer and his recent indulgence in a approach was subsequently altered for use in behavior that is part of his relapse process. At this stage, In the classical model of relapse prevention, a if the offender does not use treatment lapse, which is perceived as a momentary effectively to cope with his beliefs and/or urges, indulgence but not a relapse, involved an actual and to regain his confidence in selfreindulgence in the problem behavior. Ward and Hudsons (2000) selffantasies, purchasing pornography or cruising regulation model expanded the original relapse for potential victims, and perceived as a relapse prevention process to incorporate more (Laws et al. Therefore, in the treatment comprehensive cognitive, affective and of sex offenders, the relapse prevention behavioral factors. Further, within Ward and approach pays considerable attention to Hudsons model, post offense factors are behaviors that might lead to sex offending as considered. Relapses are regarded as prevention contains nine phases (life event, the culmination of a series of events and desire for deviant sex or activity, offense-related situations through which the offender proceeds goals established, strategy selected, high-risk prior to offending (Eccles & Marshall, 1999). These avoidant-active, approach-automatic and situations are defined as a set of circumstances approach-explicit). According to Ward and that threaten the offenders sense of selfHudson, an important aspect of this model is control. In treatment, the relapse process that the offender can exit the relapse process begins with the offender declaring his intent to at any time by implementing appropriate coping abstain from the deviant behavior.

Friends and family members may come to respond with caring and concern only when the patient exhibits self-destructive behaviors (which symptoms at 6 weeks pregnant discount persantine 100 mg without a prescription, in turn medications bad for kidneys order persantine 100mg overnight delivery, inadvertently reinforces those behaviors) medications borderline personality disorder generic persantine 100mg fast delivery. Either because the parents create an invalidating environment (Its not as bad as youre making it out to be; social factor) or because they engage in outright abuse or neglect (as occurred with Reiland) medicine used for anxiety discount persantine generic, the children may become insecurely attached to their parents. In turn, the children dont learn to regulate their emotions or behaviors (and cognitions) and elicit untoward reactions from others, which then conrms their view of themselves and others. Such people therefore have a hard time identifying and labeling their emotions accurately and coming to trust their own experiences and perceptions as valid (psychological factor). In part, treatment is challenging because of the patients parasuicidal or suicidal thoughts and behaviors. It can also be challenging because of the intense anger that a patient may direct at the mental health clinician. In addition, antipsychotics can alleviate psychotic symptoms, and mood stabilizers may help some symptoms (Binks et al. Although medications may reduce the intensity of some symptoms, psychopharmacology should not be the only form of treatment for people with borderline personality disorder (Koenigsberg, Woo-Ming, & Siever, 2007). Unfortunately, this led some people to drop out of treatment because they felt that the focus on changing faulty beliefs implicitly criticized and invalidated them (Dimeff & Linehan, 2001). Linehan (1993) developed a new treatment for people with borderline personality disorder. That is, the patients thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation make sense in the context of his or her life, past experiences, and strengths and weaknesses. Patients should see, and then without judgment, accept any painful realities of their lives. Dialectics refers to a synthesis of opposing elements; in this context, it refers to the patients coming to accept the situation and aspects of it that he or she does not feel able to change. As these behaviors are reduced, treatment focuses on other behaviors that interfere with therapy and with the quality of life, and also helps patients develop skills to change what can be changed. In addition, treatment helps patients to recognize aspects of their lives that they cant change: For instance, although patients can learn to change the way they behave toward their parents, they cant change the way their parents behave toward them. Intensive (and manual-based) forms of psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy have also been shown to be effective for patients with borderline personality disorder (Bateman & Fonagy, 2004; Clarkin et al. Personality Disorders 607 Similarly, research indicates that cognitive therapy can be effective (Brown et al. This N therapy tries to help patients integrate their extreme but opposed feelings about an P S individual: When they talk about feeling one way about someone (Hes perfect), the therapist tries to discuss opposite feelings as well, underscoring that no individual is all good or all bad (Markowitz, 2005; Markowitz, Skodol, & Bleiberg, 2006). When the therapy is successful, better emotional regulation allows patients to calm themselves more effectively when they are anxious Figure 13. After a while, did he or she seem to go to great lengths to be the center of attention, behaving too dramatically Did the person have temper tantrums, sobbing episodes, or other dramatic displays of emotion that appeared to turn on and off like a light switch These are the qualities of people with histrionic personality disorder, who seek attention and exaggerate their emotions (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Rachel Reiland relates her desire to be the center of attention and the dramatic behaviors she engaged in to obtain that attention: I wanted to be the entire focus of any person I was obsessed with. My incessant hunger for attention had been a part of my life for as long as I could remember. The burning heartache of emptiness obsessed me even when my peers had been taken with Barbie dolls and coloring books. Beyond the overt attention seeking and dramatic behavior, people with histrionic personality disorder may exhibit more subtle indications of the disorder: When they feel bored or empty, they seek out novelty and excitement. They may have difficulty delaying gratication and tend to become easily and excessively frustrated by lifes challenges. Being in long-term relationships with people with histrionic personality Table 13. A personality disorder characterized by Source: Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, attention-seeking behaviors and exaggerated Text Revision, Fourth Edition, (Copyright 2000) American Psychiatric Association. Throughout the interview, she used facial and other nonverbal expressiveness to dramatize the meaning of her words. In describing her pain, for example, she said she felt as though I will absolutely expire as she closed her eyes and dropped her head forward to feign death. However, when asked about her pain, she became coquettish and was either unable or unwilling to provide details. She talked freely about topics tangential to the interview, skipping quickly from topic to topic and periodically inserting sexual double entendres. She described her family as happy and well-adjusted but acknowledged conict with her mother and complained that her older brothers treated her like a baby. She described herself as close to her parents and said that she calls home every day. She was not currently in a serious relationship, but stated with a giggle that most boys nd me very attractive, adding that they just want me for my body. At the time of the interview, she was working as a dancer at an adult club; she particularly liked the attention and the money that the job provided. When frustrated or angry, people with histrionic personality disorder tend to have dramatic outbursts; others may, in turn, respond with attention, inadvertently reinforcing these outbursts (Farmer & Nelson-Gray, 2005). Social factors that are thought to contribute to this disorder include the childrearing practices of the parents. Specically, one possibility is that people who develop histrionic personality disorder received signicantly less attention than they desired during childhood; their subsequent inappropriate attempts (dramatic demands) to obtain attention were inadvertently reinforced, leading to a (maladaptive) belief that they must make an extraordinary effort to obtain attention (Kraus & Reynolds, 2001; Turner, 1994). Treating Histrionic Personality Disorder A goal of treatment for histrionic personality disorder is to help patients recognize and then modify their maladaptive beliefs and strategies (which are outlined in Table 13. Like other patients with dramatic/erratic personality disorders, those with histrionic personality disorder often do not remain in treatment for long; they become bored or frustrated and continue to see other people as the primary problem. On the one hand, they are preoccupied with their own concerns and expect others to be as well, and they get angry when other people dont defer to them. They overvalue themselves and undervalue other people, which is true of Patricia in Case 13. On the other hand, their self-esteem can be fragile, leading them to sh for compliments. She described a series of jobs in which she had experienced considerable friction with coworkers, stating that people generally did not treat her with the respect she deserved.