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Dominant baboons that lose a fght and control the situation by displacing their aggres sion (and perhaps frustration) on to another baboon also have relatively lower cortisol levels gastritis like symptoms purchase 2mg imodium with mastercard. As you may have guessed gastritis symptoms at night cheap imodium online amex, the issue of control is the salient one gastritis symptoms dizziness buy generic imodium 2 mg line, but it also corre lates to issues of security and predictability and gastritis pathophysiology cheap imodium 2mg free shipping, in humans, to social support as well. A researcher, Eileen Kobasa, studied corporate mentality at a large company that was undergoing a merger and cutback of employees. Kobasa wanted to know what makes a shock absorber a true shock absorber, not just someone who is repressing his or her feel ings. She found that the common factors were the three Cs: commitment, challenge, and control (that is control of oneself, not control of the outside environment). Kobasa writes that “high stress/low illness executives show, by comparison with high stress/ high illness executives, more hardiness, that is, [they] have a stronger commitment to self, an attitude of vigorousness toward the environment, a sense of meaningfulness, and an internal locus of control” (Kobasa, 1985). These individuals manifested coher ence between their internal and external environments. Remember the phrase “coher ence of the internal and external environment,” as it will be revisited. A chronic state of high anxiety and vigilance is destructive to health, in part, as a result of chronic suppression of the immune system. The work of researchers, such as Soloman, Cohen, Felten, and Ader, described in previous chapters, paved the way for recognition of the inter face between disease and various behavioral factors that provoke an altered immune response. In short, the immune system is depressed when one has a prolonged stress response. There are many human studies on bereavement, depression, stress of exams, space fight, sleep deprivation, loneliness, divorce, cancer, the heartbreak of herpes, helplessness, and loneliness all showing the same thing—that each type of stress leaves us more vulnerable to illness (see Biondi, 2001; Calabrese et al. The next section will review a few of these illnesses and their known correlation to stress. Over 20 years ago, researchers showed that acute mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease causes ischemia; the startling part was the Stress System 99 that it was symptomatically silent in 83% of their subjects (Rozanski et al. More recently published studies are detailing stress-induced abnormalities, such as abnormal vasomotor response and blood fow velocity, occurring with patients suf fering from coronary artery disease (Kop et al. Stress has also been shown to increase platelet activation, increasing susceptibility to heart attack (Markovitz and Mathews, 1991). More recently, research confrmed earlier fndings of increased risk of mortality for those with postinfarction depression (O’Connor et al. As mentioned in our story about the baboons, social stresses contribute to a mea surable increase in stress hormones, which are damaging to the cardiovascular sys tem. It is clear that there is a strong correlation between social stresses of various sorts and heart disease in humans. The years of studies and debate (beginning in the 1960s) about type-A personalities and myocardial infarction ended up ferreting out anger and hostility as the two most salient qualities correlated to heart disease. Researchers are indeed still fnding solid correlation between anger and heart disease (Moller et al. However, Levin points out that any personality characteristic may or may not have a detrimental effect, depending upon whether it is adaptive. For example, he and his colleagues found a protective effect for type-A individuals who were not religious (Levin, 2001). Women (but not men) in stressful marriages as well as unmarried men both are at greater risk for heart dis ease (Kumlin et al. For the frst time, hopelessness has been identifed as a risk factor for hypertension in men, which we had already gleaned from our rodent studies (Everson et al. A physician, Robert Eliot, did some very interesting research on personality and stress. He identifed the common, but previously unknown, phenomenon by which individuals have normal blood pressure during an offce visit, but highly elevated blood pressure when confronted with normal daily challenges. Eliot, a driven cardiologist until he suffered his own heart attack at the age of 44, asked himself, “Is any of this worth dying for? Autopsies showed mys terious microscopic lesions, called contraction band lesions. Contraction band lesions are tiny ruptures in muscle fbers of the heart that cause microscopic electrical short 100 the Scientifc Basis of Integrative Medicine circuits, which can lead to ventricular fbrillation and sudden death because the heart muscle is so extensively damaged that it literally dissolves. It took Eliot and his colleagues 16 years to determine that the cause of the contraction band lesions are dose-related, continuously high levels of the catecholamine stress hormones. Contraction band lesions can, in fact, cause death in people whose arteries are pat ent and healthy looking. Once a rocket program was completed, they were laid off and often forced to take menial jobs, such as pumping gas, in order to help feed their families. Eliot devoted himself to educating people on how to prevent the development of contraction band lesions. A phenomenon called karoshi, literally death (shi) from overwork (karo), is the second leading cause of death (after cancer) in Japan, according to the Japanese Ministry of Health. These men (it seems it is exclusively men) suddenly die from stroke or heart attack— perhaps from contraction band lesions. The labor ministry is now granting compensation to widows of these men, while still denying the existence of karoshi. If they are lucky enough to survive, they are taken to a specialized medical facility, called a karoshi unit, for physical and emotional rehabilitation, where they learn relaxation techniques and self-management skills (see Neunan and Hubbard, 1998, for a review of workplace stress). Th e Co m m o n Co l d Researchers have confrmed age-old anecdotal reports that increased stress is related to catching the common cold (Cohen and Miller, 2001). One landmark study con cludes that “psychological stress was associated in a dose-response manner with an increased risk of acute infectious respiratory illness” (Cohen et al. Wo u n d he a l i n g In a much-publicized study involving caretaker relatives of Alzheimer’s patients, it was found that healing from a punch-biopsy wound took signifcantly longer—an aver age of nine days longer—than that of matched controls (Kiecolt-Glaser et al. Caregivers reported greater levels of perceived stress and were producing lower levels of a cytokine known to be important in wound healing than the controls. Subsequent examinations of the topic have sought to understand more fully the neuroendocrine regulation of wound healing and its clinical implications (Marucha et al. Students tend to get upper respiratory tract infections and the Stress System 101 bronchitis following the stress of the exam. An important study, which occurred in 1984, involved 75 frst-year medical students at the Ohio State University College of Medicine. Other research shows increases in plasma cortisol and salivary norepinephrine as well as elevated antibody titers to various latent herpes viruses (Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser, 1991; Lacey et al. There is also an association between factors such as social support, lack of control, and suppres sion of emotion with cancer progression and possibly survival (see Rosch, 1996; Spiegel, 2000; Turner-Cobb et al. There are various studies on personality characteristics that are predictive of cancer. Among the earliest and bet ter known of these studies is the work of Carolyn Biddell Thomas at Johns Hopkins University. She followed several graduating classes of medical students for up to a 30-year period. Thomas found that those students who later were diagnosed with cancer had reported (at the time of graduation) feeling a lack of a close relationship to parents (especially fathers with sons). This effect persisted even when various known risk factors, such as smoking and drinking, were controlled (Schaffer et al. Students who scored higher on a test designed to elicit levels of nervous tension and those who had fewer intellectual interests in life also were at a statistically signifcant greater risk of developing cancer (Schaffer et al. Another prospective study showed that women with breast cancer, who had relapses, had a 5. Researchers speculate that the constant stress may lead to changes in lifestyle that increase a variety of risk factors for disease. In contrast, there are various studies showing that social support improves out look and health of cancer patients (Bloom and Spiegel, 1984; Butler et al. One study revealed that metastatic breast cancer patients who scored higher on sub scales of belonging and tangible social support on a personality inventory had lower salivary cortisol levels, which correlates to greater immune function (Turner-Cobb et al. David Spiegel, who is at Stanford University School of Medicine, was the pio neer in fnding a link between group therapy for breast cancer patients and stress reduction, improved quality of life, and possibly prolonged survival. His frst pub lished piece of research revealed that breast cancer patients who participated in a 102 the Scientifc Basis of Integrative Medicine weekly support group and used self-hypnosis for pain had a mean survival time of 36. His later work delineates issues that undermine a patient’s sense of support, which if inadequate, can have both adverse medical and emotional consequences (Spiegel, 1997, 1999; Spiegel et al. He designed a 12-week, supportive–expressive group for breast cancer patients that could be implemented effectively in commu nity settings.

I strongly believe that adopting the Daubert standard will improve the orderly administration of justice in the Florida court system by harmonizing Florida’s jurisprudence with both the federal standard and the law of most states gastritis symptoms in pregnancy buy discount imodium 2 mg on line, including those immediately surrounding Florida erythematous gastritis diet purchase imodium line, and by increasing the efficiency of the judiciary gastritis diet karbo order 2mg imodium visa. Harmonizing Florida’s Jurisprudence Since the Daubert standard’s initial adoption by the United States Supreme Court in 1993 gastritis diet �� buy imodium 2mg amex, more than 30 states have adopted Daubert in whole or in part, or incorporated its elements into the state’s facts-and circumstances assessment of reliability of expert evidence. The Court should adopt the Daubert standard to ensure clarity, reduce the uncertainty created by conflict between the legislativelyenacted law and precedent, and eliminate confusion. Moreover, Daubert will not assist the court in performing its gate keeping function, to only allow reliable expert testimony. As a result, our courts will be unable to hear the cases and controversies of Floridians. This amplifies the costs of litigation and requires a pure treating doctor to bolster his or her opinions with research into published authoritative research. No treating physician is willing to undertake such efforts merely to testify for a patient. Further, unless the injury is extremely complex, such as a traumatic brain injury without any objective radiographic findings, for example, doctors should be able to offer opinion testimony within the realm of their specialty and within the scope of their treatments. It is simple and logical and requires that, to be admissible, expert opinion must be based on facts, data, standards and conclusions that are "generally accepted in the scientific community. Daubert, on other hand, would impose an unnecessary burden on our civil justice system requiring complex multi-day hearings in almost every case merely to decide which expert opinions can be heard by a jury. A judge would have to review competing scientific studies and evaluate statistics and reams of data that would effectively permit the court to substitute its judgment for that of the relevant scientific community. More disturbingly, though, is the likelihood that perfectly reliable expert testimony would frequently be excluded. Additionally, the cost of litigation would also substantially increase both for the already overtaxed court system and also for the litigants. Parties would have to call experts often from out-of-state to testify at these mini-trials before the main trial. These monumental expenses will make resolving cases prior to trial more difficult. That "point of no return" will now be reached far earlier in the litigation process, further burdening the civil justice system with more trials that under the current regime might well have resulted in settlements. When a qualified cardiologist is prepared to testify about the generally accepted signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack, a multi-day hearing should not be required to determine whether he should be permitted to do so. While there are no shortage of lawyers, there will be shortage of lawyers who will agree to represent clients due to financial reasons. I represent a lot of Florida residents who are victims with low non-economic damages and very high economic damages. I will be forced to refuse to represent these needy individuals because it will not be financially feasible for me to accept their case. It will be cost preventative to help these victims receive justice Chapter 2013-107, Laws of Florida, (hereinafter, Daubert) amended sections 90. Even though the Florida Supreme Court had adopted and applied the Frye standard and had repeatedly declined to adopt Daubert as the procedure governing expert witness testimony, the legislature passed Daubert after several years of lobbying by special interest groups and seeks to abandon Frye in favor of Daubert. The Code and Rules of Evidence Committee has concluded that the Daubert statute is procedural and will recommend in its three-year cycle report that the Florida Supreme Court decline to adopt. Many more motions and lengthy hearings are placing an undue b d l d d i l f h b l i d 542 the Daubert standard is too time-consuming, burdensome, and costly for under resourced Florida courts to apply and amounts to an unfunded mandate. Supreme Court imposed the Daubert standard and only later did Federal Rule 702 catch up. A fortiori the Florida Supreme Court had the authority under our rule 702 to adopt Daubert as well. Our Supreme Court is now considering falling in behind the legislature by adopting Daubert as a rule of procedure. The insurance defense bar is now publicly celebrating; anticipating fee generating attacks on experts at numerous time consuming pretrial hearings. Since the Daubert standard’s initial adoption by the United States Supreme Court in 1993, more than 30 states have adopted Daubert in whole or in part, or incorporated its elements into the state’s facts-and-circumstances assessment of reliability of expert evidence. Daubert increases judicial efficiency by addressing unreliable expert testimony during pre-trial stages, rather than expending substantial trial time and resources only to have the expert subsequently l d d h h i l d d h b d d l i l i d d 24a (109) 547 My practice is in both civil and criminal law and I have prosecuted and defended cases on both sides. Even though the Florida Supreme Court had adopted and applied the Frye standard and had repeatedly declined to adopt Daubertas the procedure governing expert witness testimony, the legislature passed Daubert after several years of lobbying by special interest groups and seeks to abandon Frye in favor of Daubert. The Code and Rules of Evidence Committee has concluded that the Daubert statute is procedural and will recommend in its three-year cycle report that the Florida Supreme Court decline to adopt Daubert as a rule of evidence to the extent it is procedural. Since the judge is asked to individually evaluate the science, h ill b l i l diff li f diff j d b d h 548 As a Civil Trial Lawyer who has participated in over 150 Jury Trials, I can say that adopting "Daubert" as an evidentiary "procedural" standard would greaty impede and impair the Jury system as it relates to an effective and orderly presentation of all "true evidence" Most all of us who actually try cases view this adoption as a disaster! The only people against the Daubert Standard are those who insist upon using quacks, hacks, and experts who are generally lazy. How can we insist that science is important if we do not insist that experts use the scientific method as called for under Daubert. To those who are against the use of the Daubert Standard I say this what are you afraid of? Regards, Jeffrey Rubin 24a (110) 550 I write to encourage the Florida Bar to recommend that the Supreme Court of Florida adopt the Daubert standard as a Rule of Evidence. Daubert increases judicial efficiency by addressing unreliable expert testimony during pre-trial stages, rather than expending substantial trial time and resources only to have the expert b l l d d h h i l d d h b d dl i l 551 As an attorney for over 30 years, I represent injured people and consumers. In a number of my cases I am seeing multiple, sometimes piecemeal and repetitive motions, on expert testimony that used to be standard and non-controversial. This is a complete waste of limited judicial resources as well as a waste of lawyer time and unnecessary costs to the clients. The testifying expert is easily understood by the jury and they are able to decide to accept or reject his/her testimony. The Civil Courts are having a very difficult time dealing with Daubert which is resulting in delays, and fewer cases being tried. Changing the current standard will add additional costs that will make litigation even more costly. Harmonizing Florida’s Jurisprudence Since the Daubert standard’s initial adoption by the United States Supreme Court in 1993, more than 30 states have adopted Daubert in whole or in part, or incorporated its elements into the state’s facts-and-circumstances assessment of reliability of expert evidence. Florida’s neighboring states, including Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina and North Carolina, have found the Daubert standard preferable to the outdated Frye test. Daubert increases judicial efficiency by addressing unreliable expert testimony during pre-trial stages, rather than expending b i l i l i d l h h b l l d d 24a (112) 557 I write to encourage the Florida Bar to recommend that the Supreme Court of Florida adopt the Daubert standard as a Rule of Evidence. Specifically, I strongly believe that adopting the Daubert standard will improve the orderly administration of justice in the Florida court system by harmonizing Florida’s jurisprudence with both the federal standard and the law of most states, including those immediately surrounding Florida, and by increasing the efficiency of the judiciary. Even the the Code of Rules of Evidence Committee recommended to the Florida Supreme Court to keep Frye as the law. From a personal standpoint, my partner just participated in a Daubert hearing where the defendants filed multiple motions to Plaintiff experts on the issue of whether asbestos fibers can cause mesothelioma. What a colossal waste of time and money and merely an opportunity to try to circumvent justice by excluding experts who the jury needs to hear. During that time I have observed trial courts make good, supportable rulings on the admission of evidence without Frye or Daubert. However, of late, with the introduction of Daubert I find that opinions, not of retained experts, but of treating physicians are being challenged on each and every occasion under Daubert. With the introduction of Daubert litigants will shortly be foreclosed from access to the courtroom because of the financial issues and appellate issues, on practically every case, all associated with the application of Daubert. For the insurance industry that development is of no adverse consequence as the application of Daubert has a "chilling" effect on litigation and will preclude many from legal representation because of the increasing complexity of the litigation involving Daubert issues. I am close to retirement but I owe it to those people who will one day find themselves foreclosed from litigation because we have made litigation so complex. There was a day when good cross examination, allowed by intelligent and competent judges, was the standard against which a jury could decide whether to accept or reject opinion testimony or give it the weight it deserves. The standard will generate many more motions, bog down an already overwhelmed Court system and do nothing positive as an evidentiary standard for expert witness qualification. The days of "Junk science" based testimony simply do not occur from a practical standpoint.

No significant differences were noted based on state obesity rates and modest trends for geographic regions were found gastritis and chest pain cheap 2 mg imodium overnight delivery. Recommendations to improve the guidance state health education curricula provide to schools include: inclusion of teacher and evaluation materials gastritis chronic diet discount imodium express, clear outlines of content for specific areas gastritis b12 buy imodium 2mg fast delivery. Healthy People 2010 included an objective to increase the proportion of elementary gastritis diet �� order imodium 2 mg free shipping, middle and high schools that provide comprehensive health education from 28% in 1994 to 70% in 2010 (U. The specific content related to unhealthy dietary patterns and inadequate physical activity was addressed in Healthy People 2010 and again in 2020. Health Education has been a critical strategy in the Comprehensive School Health Model, and the assault on childhood obesity. Thus, schools could address the eight national standards and not address certain content, for example physical activity or nutrition. Shortly after the national mandate for educational goals in 1994, three recommendations to implement standards-based education emerged; conduct ongoing 49 research, organize to inform standards-based efforts across states and curricular areas, and address systemic inequities (McLaughlin & Shepard, 1995). Recently, a standards-based common core was backed by National Governors Association and the Council of Chief School Officers for math and language (Kober & Rentmer, 2011). However, the adoption of the core in just those two curriculum areas has been identified as a slow process taking until 2013 or later for many states, with eight states not participating in the survey. States have been tasked with monitoring implementation of goals at the school level. The standards individual states have for the health education provided in their schools are an example of an intervention at the societal level. From a practical perspective, the benefits were generally modest and the costs (in terms of money, time and effort) were significant. Schools continue to struggle to identify the best uses of personnel, time, money, facilities, equipment and materials to improve the health education programming. Schools have access to many children, but access alone has not been enough to reduce the burden of obesity. Statement of the Problem Schools have an opportunity to educate children about health-promoting knowledge, attitudes and skills. For example, Iowa leaves most of these decisions to local school districts while California regulates content extensively. Analyze the influence of family, peers, culture, media, technology and other factors on health behaviors 52 3. Demonstrate the ability to access valid information and products and services to enhance health 4. Demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health and avoid or reduce health risks 5. Demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors and avoid or reduce health risks 8. Standard 1 is scored by determining the percent of concepts covered at each of four grade levels. That percentage was then converted to a score between 0 and 4 (0% coverage=0, 1-33% =1, 34-66%=2, 67 99%=3, 100%=4). For standards 2 through 8, two scores between 0-4 were assigned based on the responses to four yes or no questions related to student skill learning and teacher instruction and skill assessment. Overlapping content in health, physical education, family and consumer sciences serves to reinforce important skills and concepts. Procedure Profiles of each of the 50 states were constructed with five components; percentage of adolescent overweight and obesity, whether state health standards were identified as based on the National Health Education Standards, the level of mandate for use of state health education standards (no expectations, encouraged, required), the availability and accessibility of internet links to state standards and/or supplemental health education information and the year standards were last updated (see Appendix Table 2. Official department of education websites for each state were used to determine the existence of standards for health education for each state. Adolescent overweight and obesity data for these states were gathered from alternate sources (Full references and citations for all data sources are available in the footnotes of Appendix Table 2. A subset of states was selected based on population, obesity, and health standards. Alaska and Hawaii were excluded from these regions due to their geographic dissimilarity from the contiguous 48 states for this study. States were selected to roughly approximate this population distribution, resulting in the selection of four southern states and two states each from the northeast, Midwest and west. Within each region, states were ranked from highest to lowest obesity rate, and the one or two states with the lowest and highest obesity rates were selected. As previously mentioned, Hawaii was excluded from detailed analyses due to its dissimilarity with other states in the region. In this instance, the Western state with the next highest obesity rate (Washington) was selected. Colorado had the lowest overweight and obesity rates in the West, but does not have state health standards. In the Midwest, Minnesota was not selected because current obesity data were not available. North and South Dakota had similar obesity rates, but North Dakota was selected because those standards were more recent by eight years. Obesity rates were generally higher in the Southern states, with 11 of 16 states reporting prevalence rates over 30. Conversely, no states in the other three regions reported prevalence rates over 30. The overrepresentation of overweight and obesity in the Southern states prevented greater separation between the low and high obesity states. Selecting states with more disparate overweight and obesity prevalence data would have introduced a geographical bias (all of the high obesity states and none of the low obesity states) would have been from the Southern region. Only Connecticut and North Dakota encouraged the use of the state curriculum, all other states required the state curriculum. The curriculum evaluator was blind to the identity of the states selected for detailed evaluation. Any information that could be used to identify the state being evaluated was removed prior to the evaluation. This determination was made based on the standards around which content were organized, not the content itself. Second, scope and sequence models reflecting standards and benchmarks specific to the 56 content of interest, namely nutrition and physical activity, were then constructed for each state (These models are available in Appendix B). Standard 1 presents topic-specific concepts organized by grade level (Pre-K-2, 3-5, 6-8 and 9-12). Standards 2-8 are not presented by grade level and are the same for all modules. Standards 2-8 are evaluated using four yes or no questions pertaining to Student Skill Learning/Application and Teacher Instruction and Skill Assessment (8 total questions). The grade level indicators provided for standard 1 are not represented in standards 2 through 8; however, the overall score sheets includes three columns in which one might record grade level scores for these standards (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007, p. Concept coverage for the Pre-K-2 and 3-5 grade levels were 57 based on the content in the K-4 benchmarks. All other states had at least four levels, but some required minor modifications to grade level concept evaluation (notes of exception appear on scope and sequence models). Among those states with benchmarks and at least four grade levels, there was variation in the levels at which benchmarks were assigned (Appendix Table 2. The most common organization of standards involved assignment of individual benchmarks for Pre th Kindergarten or Kindergarten through 8 grades (five states), followed by benchmarks for grades 9 through 12 combined. Two additional states had individual benchmarks for grades rd Kindergarten through 3 grade (followed by 7/8 and 9/10 clusters) and Kindergarten through th 6 grade (benchmarks for 9 through 12 collectively). The remaining two states offered benchmarks at four levels (3, 6, 9, 12 and K, 4, 8, 12). Design and Analysis For this descriptive study, a sample of state standards for health education was evaluated. The results are largely qualitative, providing evaluation of the curricula currently available and providing recommendations as to how these can be improved. Teacher coverage was not evaluated because of the limited amount of data available. These points represent sporadic inclusion of assessment criteria, a 58 scoring rubric or detailed information about the steps necessary for skill acquisition. No state earned more than a single point for any of the seven standards (2 through 8) for either module for teacher coverage. Complete data for teacher instruction and skill assessment is available in Appendix B, Tables B11-B24.

Syndromes

Foreign bodies -- such as peanuts and other breathed-in foods, pieces of a balloon, buttons, coins, and small toys
Ovarian cancer
Oxygen therapy may be needed as lung disease gets worse
Examine the back part of your eyes with a lighted instrument called an ophthalmoscope
Sudden changes in body temperature or stress, which may cause you to sweat and make your condition worse
Infection
Recreational activities -- fresh water swimming, canoeing, kayaking, and trail biking in warm areas
Do other family members also have excessive amounts of hair?

Tat includes all creatures great and small: the bison gastritis diet underactive thyroid discount imodium 2 mg visa, the grey wolves extreme gastritis diet imodium 2 mg for sale, the black terns gastritis diet karbohidrat purchase cheap imodium on-line. A tiny handful of species—mice chronic gastritis for years buy 2 mg imodium visa, locusts—will manage, but the other animals have to go. Your grains and beans will do okay at frst, living of the organic matter created by the now-dead forest or prairie. But like any starving beast, the soil will eat its reserves, until there’s nothing—no organic matter, no biological activity—left. Since the books, pleading and polemical, say that animal products are inherently oppressive and Moral Vegetarians 45 unsustainable, you can’t use manure, bone meal, or blood meal. Do I need to add that you can’t produce this yourself, that its production is an ecological nightmare, and that one day the oil and gas will run out? Tere’s a reason for the popular image that equates hard labor in prison with chopping rocks. How will you mine it, grind it, or transport it with out fossil fuel, using only human musculature and without using slavery? For your potassium, you’ll collect wood ashes, try some cover crops, and hope for the best. Meanwhile the soil is turning to dust, clogging the rivers, blowing across the continent. In 1934, the entire eastern seaboard was covered in a thick haze of brown, the topsoil of Oklahoma plowed to cotton and wheat, drifting like an angry ghost to cover the eastern cities and further, to ships hundreds of miles out to sea, a fnal, ftting tribute to the extractive economies of the civi lized. The trees, the grasses, the birds and the beasts are gone, and the topsoil with them. He writes that “agri culture itself is an ecological problem outranking industrial pollution” and it’s a problem he’s devoted his life to solving. Remember, one of the joys of being long-lived is there’s time, time to develop roots and stems and woody mass, time to reproduce in a leisurely fashion. Perennial grasses don’t produce large numbers of energy-dense seeds because they don’t need to . The question is, can the herbaceous perennials be coaxed into producing bigger seeds? But being a scientist, not a polemicist, his utopian farm of the future is still grazed by animals 46 The Vegetarian Myth (cattle, bufalo, pigs, chickens) because animal manures are required by the soil. Tose animals also eat the stuf we can’t eat (cellulose stems) and turn it into stuf that we can (protein and fat). My reply, which feels more like a plainsong, is that we already have prairies, or we did once. Humans have lived on savannas and grasslands for millions of years without devastating them, and without needing technical fxes. We need agriculture that functions like a prairie because our numbers have swollen past what the world can bear without us claiming more than our share of it. We have to turn actual prairies into shadow prai ries because agriculture—especially the fossil-fuel based green revolu tion—has dramatically increased the human population. Bill Mollison also has a solution involving the restoration of soil building perennial polycultures, which he named “permaculture. While absorbing moisture, plant roots reject excess salt, because too much salt will kill the plant. The problem is that salts then start accumulat ing in the soil, and that build-up eventually reaches toxic levels. In areas where rainfall is plentiful, it may be sufcient to leach the salts through the soil below the root level. Of course, in those areas irriga Moral Vegetarians 47 tion itself is probably unnecessary. It’s the drier regions that will need irrigation and then won’t have enough ambient rainfall to wash away the salts. The problem is exacerbated by a rise in the water table “that, in the absence of adequate natural or artifcial drainage, naturally follows the food-irrigation of low-lying lands. Now, as water evaporates of the surface of the soil, it pulls more water up from be low, which then also evaporates. Tink of a hot day, how your skin gets slightly sticky with salt from moisture evaporating of your surfaces. Desper ate farmers across millennia have tried to save their land by applying more irrigation to fush salts out, but this only accelerates the prob lem by raising the water table higher. Entire civilizations have collapsed as a result of doing this to their land, and the process is well underway in the major grain-growing regions around the world. The black tern with its gorgeous, glossy breeding plum age and its gregarious nature will live in focks that can number in the tens of thousands—try to imagine the sky awash with twenty or thirty thousand birds. The male canvasback duck makes sweet coos when he’s courting, and the female, like many bird mothers, pulls the down of her body to line her nest. Tey’re being diverted and drained to grow crops like wheat, rice, and cotton, and also for indus trial processes like hydro-electricity and dye works. In “Egypt, Mexico, Pakistan, and Australia and across Central Asia, 90% or more of the water abstracted from the environment is for irrigation. The water has to come from some where, and that means more dams, more wells, more diversion—and more salinization. Not only are we using nonrenewable fossil water— water from deep inside aquifers that recharge at a glacial speed if at all—but “projects that initially greened the desert are now creating desert. The Indus River, one of the original sites of civilization, now runs dry for its last few hundred miles. The delta of the Indus—and feel free to insert Mississippi, Ganges, Ebro, Yellow, or Volta here—was a species-dense series of wetland marshes, flled with fsh, birds, and dolphins. A million acres that were once mangrove swamps are now dead, drowned beneath the ocean. Wells in northern Gujarat once flled with water at Moral Vegetarians 49 thirty feet. As the foods from the riv ers fade, frst into desert and then into myth, another food takes their place: a food of people from the countryside into slum-bloated cities. Rice, wheat, corn—the annual grains that vegetarians want the world to eat—are thirsty enough to drink whole rivers. Countries dependent on green revolution crops have a water consumption rate several times that of Europe. Per capita, “Pakistan abstracts fve times more water per person then Ireland does, Egypt fve times more water than Britain, and Mexico fve times more than Denmark. As the water ta ble drops, any trees left standing behind the plow die of thirst as their roots no longer reach water. And the dust builds into storms, spreading, for instance, from China’s wheat felds across Asia, “choking lungs in Beijing, closing schools in Korea, dusting cars in Japan, and raining onto mountains and across the Pacifc in west ern Canada. The World Bank warns of the “catastrophic consequences” if China is unable to feed its people. If the earth could write a report, we would forgive it for using only two spare words: eighty percent. If you live in Burlington, Vermont or Santa Cruz, California, and you eat rice—ubiquitous, vegan brown rice—this is what you’re eat ing: dead fsh and dead birds from a dying river. Now substitute “home” for “water”: Long-nose gar and roseate spoonbills, American alligators and piping plovers. Tere’s death on your plate, an entire ecosystem’s worth, but 50 The Vegetarian Myth it happened out past the asphalt, far, far out, in a world we will never know. Irrigation is bound to create salinization: like any conquering army, agriculturalists salt the land. Until what’s left is asphalt and desert, variations on the theme called civilization. The river and its foodplain have been the mainstay of hunters and fshermen, providing rich wildlife for millennia. The Fu lani, the largest nomadic population in the world, have used the area for centuries. One dam and sixty miles of embankment later, the foodplain and its species rich ecosystem were destroyed. Considering this is Africa, they’d probably been living of some version of this pattern—ruminants on grass, fsh from the riv ers, animals integrated into perennial polycultures—for four million years.

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