Richard M. Scheffler PhD
- Professor of the Graduate School, Health Economics and Public Policy
https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/people/richard-scheffler/
Cognitive-structural school: Psychologists who argue for the importance of active interaction between the developing organism and the environment in determining behaviour and cognition 911 treatment for hair discount reminyl master card, Jean Piaget is a representative of this school symptoms 4dp5dt fet purchase reminyl 4 mg with mastercard. Cognitive therapy: In its narrow sense symptoms 16 weeks pregnant purchase reminyl 8mg overnight delivery, an approach to the treatment of depression developed by Aaron Beck medicine 72 order discount reminyl on-line. Beck sees depression as resulting from a combination of a negative evaluation of the self, a negative view of present experiences and events and negative expectations of the future. The therapist must be very active to modify the way the patient thinks, insisting on correct logic and challenging unrealistically pessimistic assumptions. Beck has described specific techniques to be used in cognitive therapy but the term is now beginning to be used for a wide range of less well defined approaches based on similar principles. It is based upon the attraction that the members of the group feel for each other and/or the sharing of the common group goal. Coitus interruptus: Sexual intercourse that is inter rupted before the man ejaculates. Cold turkey: Abrupt, withdrawal from opiates without the benefit of methadone or other drugs. The term was originated by drug addicts to describe their chills and consequent gooseflesh. Collaboration: A term used by Harry Stack Sullivan to connote sensitivity to the needs of another person. Identification, mutual support, reduction of ego defenses, sibling trans Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences 75 ferences, and empathy help integrate the individual member in to the group, in the setting of group psychotherapy, it accelerates the therapeutic process. Slavson, who coined the phrase, warned against letting the collective experience submerge the individuality of the members or give them an opportunity to escape from their own au to nomy and responsibility. Collective unconscious: Psychic contents outside the realm of awareness that are common to mankind in general. Jung who introduced the term believed that the collective unconscious is inherited and derived from the collective experience of the species. It transcends cultural differences and explains the analogy between ancient mythological ideas and the primitive projections observed in some patients who have never been exposed to those ideas. Collegial marriage: A relationship in which comrade ship and sharing are emphasized; husband and wife assume responsibility for different roles in the marriage with each respecting the individualibilities and interests of the other. Coma: A state of profound unconsciousness from which the person cannot be roused, with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to stimuli. It is seen in severe in injury or disease of the brain, in such systemic conditions as diabetic ke to acidosis and uremia, and in in to xications with alcohol and other drugs. It is typically seen in acute organic brain syndromes associated with systemic infection. Combact fatigue: A disabling physical and mental reaction to stress of military battle. Combined therapy: A type of psychotherapy in which the patient is in both individual and group treatment with the same or two different therapists. In marriage 76 Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences therapy, it is the combination of married couples group therapy with either individual sessions with one spouse or Conjoint therapy, Co-therapy, Family therapy, Marriage therapy, Quadrangular therapy. Command au to matism: Condition closely associated with catalepsy in which suggestions are followed au to matically. Commitment: A legal process for admitting a mentally ill person to a psychiatric treatment program. The legal definition and procedure vary from state to state although commitment usually requires a court or judicial procedure. Communication disorder:A form of speech or writing that impairs the communication because of aberrancy of rate, content, of form but not because of failure to follow semantic or syntactic rules. Community mental health: the attempt to bring public health principles to the area of mental health. Community mental health stresses crisis inter vention in psychiatric emergencies; it attempts to make inexpensive specialized psychotherapy available to poor people; it attempts to resolve community problems that lead to psychological disorder. Community mental health center: A community or neighbourhood mental health facility or a group of affiliated agencies that severe as a locus for the delivery of the various services of community psychiatry. Community psychiatry: Psychiatry focusing on the detection, prevention and early treatment of mental disorders and social deviance as they develop in the community rather than as they are perceived Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences 77 and encountered at large centralized psychiatric facilities. Particular emphasis is placed on the environmental fac to rs that contribute to mental illness. Community psychology: the subfield of psychology emphasizing application of psychological princi ples, ideas and points of views to help solve social problems and to help individuals adapt to their work and living groups. Companionship marriage: A relationship in which male and female roles are not regarded as fixed; husbands and wives freely assume the rights and obligations of their partners, depending on the situation. Compensation and overcompensation: A defence mechanism in which an individual substitutes one activity for another in an attempt to satisfy frustrated (see frustration) motives. It usually implies failure or loss of self-esteem in one activity and the compensation for this loss by efforts in some other realm of endeavour. Compensation neurosis: An ill-defined, heterogenous assortment of neurotic symp to ms with a marked somatic tint (anxiety irritability, postural dizziness, headache, poor concentration, visual difficulties, sleep disturbances, sexual problems, intractable pain), all atributed by the patient to the effects of 78 Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences an accident or other injury (especially involving the head) and presented as a motive for litigation aimed at compensation. The condition first described by Charcot (1873) and by Oppenheim (1889), has been claimed to occur more frequently in men, in the less educated and less skilled occupational groups, and in people with pre existing emotional difficulties. Synonyms: accident neurosis; liti gation neurosis: traumatic neurosis; post-traumatic neurosis. A person is competent to stand trial when at the time of the trial he (1) understands the nature of the charge and the potential consequences of conviction and (2) is able to assist his at to rney in his defense. Competition: Struggle for the possession or use of limited goods, concrete or abstract. Complex: A group of interrelated ideas, mainly uncon scious, that have common emotional to ne. Complimentarity of interaction: A concept of biper sonal and multipersonal psychology in which behaviour is viewed as a response to stimulation, and interaction replaces the concept of reaction. Each person in an interactive situation plays both a provocative role and a responsive role. Compromise: A mental mechanism whereby a conflict is evaded by disguising the repressed wish to make it acceptable in consciousness. It serves as a defense against unacceptable ideas and desires, and failure to perform the act leads of to overt anxiety. Compulsive personality disorder: A personality disorder characterized by rigidity, over conscien tiousness, extreme inhibition, inability to relax and the performance of repetitive patterns of behaviour. Computer simulation: the use of computers to replicate human thought strategies and patterns of beha viour. Research on computer simulation has involved the study of the use of heuristics in reasoning, and of probhalistic judgements in decision-making. It is hoped by those involved that such research will eventually throw light on human cognitive processes in industrial psycho logy; computer simulation often provides a safer, cheaper, or more ethical way of examining what will happen to the process being simulated, under a variety of conditions. Concept: the concepts used in psychoanalytical theory can be classified according to the underlying assumptions of Fictions which are being used to organize the facts in to theoretical formulations. For example: (1) Principle concepts: which assume that mental life is actuated by, usually, the Conflict between opposing forces actuated by principles. Life and Death instincts, 80 Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences Sex and Aggression, the Reality and Pleasure principles (2) Structural concepts: these assume that mental processes are localizable on a diagram. In this instance hypothesis about the accessibility of Unconscious phenomena to Consciousness are formulated in terms of their distance from it, it usually being assumed that the longer ago the further down (3) Economic Concepts: these assume the exis tence of some form of mental Energy, Quanta of which may be attached to Structures (bound energy) or may move from one structure to another (free energy). Concept formation: the name given to the process by which concepts are developed and distinguished. A considerable amount of research on cognitive development has emphasized concept formation. Concordance:A term used in studies of twins to indicate the degree of similarity a particular trait. Children in the concrete operation stage were considered unable to deal fully with abstract concepts, and able to deal with those aspects of Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences 81 experience which had a material equivalent or which could be represented in a concrete fashion.
Taurog and Dorris (1988) reported that propylthiouracil was the main excretion product symptoms 2 days before period buy generic reminyl 8mg on-line, accounting for 34% of the administered radiolabel symptoms 6 weeks buy genuine reminyl, and propylthiouracil glucuronide accounted for 32% treatment goals for anxiety purchase reminyl 4mg mastercard. In a study with both [14C] and [35S]propylthiouracil in the same strain of rats medications you cant take while breastfeeding discount reminyl uk, unaltered propylthiouracil comprised 42% of the to tal urinary output, an unidentified metabolite 22% and propylthiouracil glucuronide 16%. Additional minor metabolites have been reported in both urine and bile (Lindsay et al. In the same strain of rats and with a radioimmunoassay specific for propylthiouracil, the serum concentration was reported to be a linear function of the dose (0. These results were consistent with a multi compartmental model for the distribution of propylthiouracil (Halpern et al. Placental transfer of 14C-labelled propylthiouracil was demonstrated in pregnant rats on day 14 of gestation after injection of 1 fiCi of the compound. When Sprague-Dawley rats were given intravenous injections of [14C]propyl thiouracil (4. Metabolism of propylthiouracil in activated neutrophils resulted in three oxidized metabolites: propylthiouracil-disulfide, propyluracil-2-sulfinate and propyluracil-2 sulfonate. The metabolism was inhibited by sodium azide and catalase and by propyl thiouracil itself (Waldhauser & Uetrecht, 1991). The metabolism of the drug was either reversible or irreversible, depending on iodination conditions, in an in-vitro system containing thyroid peroxidase. Propyl thiouracil disulfide was the earliest detectable metabolite (Taurog et al. It is rapidly excreted, the main metabolite being a glucuronide in both humans and rats. It inhibits intra thyroidal synthesis of thyroid hormones by interfering with thyroid peroxidase-mediated iodine utilization. As a result, the concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in serum are decreased. In addition, and unlike methimazole, propylthiouracil inhibits type-1 deiodinase which converts T4 to T3 in the liver and other tissues (Cooper, 2000). Therefore, serum T3 concentrations fall rapidly after administration of propyl thiouracil, sooner than would be expected on the basis of inhibition of thyroidal hormone synthesis. In some studies, hyperthyroid patients became hypothyroid if the dose of propyl thiouracil was not moni to red carefully. In one study, 56% of patients became hypo thyroid within 12 weeks while taking 400 mg/day (Kallner et al. The concentration of T3 decreased by up to 50% in hyperthyroid patients, and that of reverse T3 (rT3), an inactive metabolite of T4 that is cleared by type-1 deiodinase (see Figure 1, General Remarks), increased by up to 50% (Cooper et al. Ten patients with primary hypothyroidism (eight women and two men), who had been receiving 0. The concentrations rapidly returned to normal after cessation of treatment with propylthiouracil (Westgren et al. Propylthiouracil was given at a dose of 10 mg by intraperi to neal injection to Wistar rats weighing about 150 g. When iodide or thiocyanate was present, inhibition was prevented, suggesting that the initial action of propyl thiouracil is to block iodination by trapping oxidized iodide (Davidson et al. When male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on T4 at 20 or 50 fig/kg bw per day were given propylthiouracil, the conversion of T4 to T3 was inhibited (Oppenheimer et al. Frumess and Larsen (1975) further studied the role of the conversion of T4 to T3 in thyroidec to mized, hypothyroid male Sprague-Dawley rats that were given a subcutaneous injection of T4 at 8 or 16 fig/kg bw per day, with or without an intra peri to neal injection of propylthiouracil at 10 mg/kg bw per day. At 5 days, propylthiouracil treatment had increased the serum T4 concentration (from 4. When daily doses of 30 mg/kg bw were administered orally for 5 weeks to male Sprague-Dawley rats, both the T3 and T4 concentrations in serum were decreased, and a decrease in iodine incorporation was also noted. In other studies in male Wistar rats on the secretion of thyroid hormones, infusion of propylthiouracil for 4 h at a rate of 2 mg/h increased the excretion of rT3 in the bile of rats that had also received an infusion of T4, starting 2 h before the propylthiouracil treatment. Incubation of thyroid tissue with propylthiouracil in vitro inhibited thyroglobulin biosynthesis (Monaco et al. In liver homogenates from male Wistar rats, the conversion of T4 to T3 was lower in those from rats given 0. A graded dose of T4 failed to res to re conversion activity in these rats (Aizawa & Yamada, 1981). A strong inverse relationship was found between the dose of propylthiouracil and both thyroid hormone biosynthesis and peripheral T4 deiodi nation. The time for recovery from long-term (1 month) treatment was greater than that from short-term (1 week) treatment (2. Whereas 30 mg/kg bw propylthiouracil given to rats daily for 5 weeks increased thyroid weight sevenfold and decreased both T3 and T4 concentrations by 70%, the same treatment produced no changes in the thyroid in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). The concentration of propylthiouracil required to inhibit thyroid peroxidase in vitro in microsomes isolated from thyroids was markedly higher for the monkeys (4. His to logically, congestion of red pulp in the spleen and vacuolization of the liver were noted (Kariya et al. During propylthiouracil ingestion, growth hormone-producing cells in the pituitary gland lost their secre to ry granules, became enlarged and displayed progressive dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, becoming thyroidec to my cells. This effect was reversible: 14 days after treatment ceased, the normal pituitary structure was seen (Horvath et al. Young (3 months) and aged (26 months) male Lewis rats were given drinking water containing 0. In the younger animals, propyl thiouracil increased the percentage of sphingomyelin in synap to somes from the cerebral cortex. In contrast, a decrease in glycerophosphocholine concentration and an increase in that of cholesterol were noted in aged rats (Salvati et al. Neonatal goitre was observed in one of a dizygotic set of twins whose mother had received propylthiouracil during pregnancy at an initial dose of 400 mg/day, which was subsequently reduced to 100 mg/day. The reason for the apparently selective effect of propylthiouracil on one of the twins was not clear. The two groups did not differ in a standard intelligence test, the Peabody test, the Goodenough test or on a number of physical characteristics (Burrow et al. The free and to tal serum T4 concentrations, but not that of T3, were significantly lower in the exposed infants 1 and 3 days after birth (Cheron et al. The growth of treated offspring was reduced up to 25 days of age and then generally paralleled that of control animals, but their body weight remained lower than that of the controls. At all ages studied, the testis weights were increased in the propylthiouracil-exposed groups, despite reductions in body weights. For example, at 90 days of age, the testis weight was increased by 41%, while the body weight was reduced by 22%. Epidydymal, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate weights were also increased, but this effect was not apparent until 135 days of age. There was no effect on serum T4, T3 or tes to sterone concentration at any adult age, and there were no obvious his to logical changes in any tissue. Administration of T4 at 15 fig/kg bw per day and T3 at 10 fig/kg bw per day to pups during exposure to propylthiouracil abolished the effects on testi cular growth (Cooke & Meisami, 1991). These results suggest a direct impairment of gonadotropin-releasing hormone regu lation of gonadotrope development.
Reminyl 4 mg mastercard. Candida Overgrowth - Symptoms Prevention and Treatment Options.
Internet-delivered targeted group intervention for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial treatment table buy reminyl 8mg low price. Guia clinica para la atencion a los tras to rnos de la conducta alimentaria en el Area 3 de Madrid medicine 6 year course discount reminyl 4 mg line. Development and validation of the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale: a brief self-report measure of anorexia treatment zamrud cheap reminyl 4 mg otc, bulimia medicine for stomach pain purchase reminyl without prescription, and binge-eating disorder. Discriminant validity of the Eating Attitudes Test according to American Psychiatric Association and World Health Organization criteria of eating disorders. De Irala J, Cano-Prous A, Lahortiga-Ramos F, Gual-Garcia P, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Cervera Enguix S. Prevalencia de casos clinicos de tras to rnos del comportamien to alimentario en mujeres adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid. Cross-cultural assessment of eating disorders: psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Bulimia Test-Revised. Prevalencia de los tras to rnos de la conducta alimentaria: consideraciones me to dologicas. The eating disorder examination: a semi structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders. Reliability and validity of the child version of the Eating Disorder Examination: a preliminary investigation. Tratamien to s psicologicos eficaces para tras to rnos del comportamien to alimentario. Atencion primaria y tras to rnos de la alimentacion: nuestra actitud frente a ellos (I). A randomized trial on the efficacy of a 2 month tube feeding regimen in anorexia nervosa: A 1-year follow-up study. Treatment for inpatients with anorexia nervosa: comparison of liquid formula with regular meals for improvement from emaciation. 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Experimental test of the affect-regulation theory of bulimic symp to ms and substance use: a randomized trial. A comparison study of antidepressants and structured intensive group psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Binge eating disorder treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Does interpersonal therapy help patients with binge eating disorder who fail to respond to cognitive-behavioural therapyfi A controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy with and without spousal involvement for binge eating disorder. Group cognitive-behavioural treatment for the nonpurging bulimic: an initial evaluation. A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioural therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of overweight individuals with binge-eating disorder. A comparison between a cognitive and a behavioural treatment for obese binge eaters and obese non-binge eaters. Effectiveness of spouse involvement in cognitive behavioural therapy for binge eating disorder. Body image interventions in cognitive-behavioural therapy of binge eating disorder: a component analysis. A randomized comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural weight loss treatment for overweight individuals with binge eating disorder. Self-help versus therapist-led group cognitive-behavioural treatment of binge eating disorder at follow-up. Group cognitivebehavioural treatment of binge eating disorder: a comparison of therapist-led versus selfhelp formats. The relative efficacy of fluoxetine and manual-based self-help in the treatment of s with bulimia nervosa. Specialist treatment versus self-help for bulimia nervosa: a randomised controlled trial in general practice. Cognitive-behavioural self-help for binge eating disorder: a controlled effectiveness study. Successful treatment of nonpurging bulimia nervosa with desipramine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 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Self psychology and cognitive orientation in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia. A pilot study of a randomised trial of cognitive analytical therapy vs educational behavioural therapy for adult anorexia nervosa.
Because there have been only four new studies on the carcinogenicity of propylthiouracil in animals and none that are conventional bioassays in rodents symptoms 3 days past ovulation purchase reminyl 4mg on line, the most relevant studies from the previous monograph were analysed in greater depth medications given before surgery cheap reminyl uk. Studies on the carcino genicity of anti-thyroid chemicals symptoms zoloft overdose buy cheap reminyl 4mg online, including propylthiouracil treatment ketoacidosis order reminyl 8mg with amex, in experimental animals have been reviewed (Doniach, 1970; Chris to v & Raichev, 1972; Paynter et al. Thyroid follicular-cell carcinomas (two of which metastasized to the lungs) were present in all four propylthiouracil treated mice and chromophobe adenomas of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in three of these mice. The anterior pituitary glands of a similar group of surgically thyroidec to mized mice were normal (Moore et al. Pituitary adenomas occurred in 15/24 and 21/29 mice at the two concentrations, respectively, and in 0/28 control mice. Rat: Two groups of young adult white rats [number per group, sex, age and strain not specified] were given drinking-water containing propylthiouracil [purity not specified] at a concentration of 0. One of the groups received propylthiouracil and potassium iodide alternately, the latter at a concentration of 0. Thyroid follicular cell tumours occurred in 4/15 survivors given propylthiouracil alone and in 20/29 survivors treated with propylthiouracil and potassium iodide alternately. All but one of the tumours were thyroid adenomas, the exception being a thyroid carcinoma in a rat given propylthiouracil plus potassium iodide (Zimmerman et al. Because of a high mortality rate, the concentration of propylthiouracil given to both groups was reduced to 0. In a second part of the experiment, 25 rats [number of each sex not specified] received a low concentration of propylthiouracil in their drinking-water, adjusted to provide a dose of 7 mg/kg bw per day initially (approximately equivalent to the human clinical dose) and then reduced to 1 mg/kg bw per day over 3 months. The control groups comprised 20 untreated male and 20 untreated female rats on normal diet. The treatments were continued until termination at 18 months, but control rats were continued until approximately 20 months of age. In the groups that initially received propylthiouracil at 7 mg/kg bw per day, thyroid adenomas occurred in 2/5 males and 7/13 females and thyroid carcinomas in 1/5 males and 2/13 females. In the untreated control groups, thyroid adenomas occurred in 2/20 males and 1/20 females, but there were no carcinomas in either sex (Willis, 1961). Additional groups consisted of untreated controls (101 rats), rats receiving 131I only (106 rats), rats receiving dessicated thyroid powder only (103 rats) and rats receiving 131I plus dessicated thyroid powder (106 rats). Each group was maintained on its specific diet for 1 year, at which time the study was terminated. With propylthiouracil in combination with 131I, 23/35 rats had thyroid adenomas, while in the group given propylthiouracil plus 131I plus dessicated thyroid powder, 64/65 rats developed thyroid tumours, of which 51 were adenomas and 13 carcinomas. In the group given propylthiouracil plus dessicated thyroid powder, 43/60 rats developed thyroid tumours, of which 39 were adenomas and 4 carcinomas. None of 68 untreated control rats had adenomas or papillary or follicular carcinomas (Lindsay et al. Control groups of four rats received no irradiation, propylthiouracil or thyroxine. In the groups given 131I plus propylthio uracil, thyroid tumours occurred in 1/4, 5/5 and 6/6 rats at 5, 7 and 9 months, respec tively. In the groups given 131I plus propylthiouracil plus thyroxine, thyroid follicular cell tumours occurred in 1/4 and 5/5 rats at 7 and 9 months, respectively. A control group of 205 males and 146 females were fed a diet with no propylthiouracil. The survival rate was reported not to be markedly influenced by treatment, the mean lifespans being 636, 500, 568 and 500 days for control males and females and treated males and females, respectively. Twelve animals per group were selected for eight interim killings for biochemical analyses. Thyroid follicular-cell cancer was diagnosed in 13/58 males and 9/44 females exposed to propylthiouracil, and an additional four males and six females had thyroid cancer that had metastasized to the lungs or lymph nodes. The thyroid tumour incidence in the control hamsters was not given, but a his to rical control incidence of 1. The combined tumour incidence for males and females treated with propylthiouracil was statistically significantly greater than 1. Two groups of five control animals received the same regimen but without propylthiouracil. The incidence of animals with thyroid follicular-cell adenomas was 3/20 with propylthiouracil only and 12/20 with propylthiouracil plus thyroid-lipid extract, in contrast to none in either control group (Hellwig & Welch, 1963). Five days later, groups of 30 rats were given propylthiouracil [purity not specified] in their drinking water at concentrations of 0. Two groups of 21 male inbred Wistar rats, 6 weeks of age, were fed basal diet containing propylthiouracil [purity not specified] at a concentration of 0. The animals were maintained for 20 weeks, at which time the survival rate was 100%. Two groups of 20 male inbred Wistar rats, 8 weeks of age, were given basal diet containing propylthiouracil [purity not specified] at a concentration of 0. In a two compartmental equation, the to tal clearance was calculated to be 112 mL/min per m2. When the same dose was given orally, the average maximum serum concentration of propylthiouracil was 9. After intravenous infusion of propylthiouracil in to three men and one woman, the half-time and to tal body clearance were similar to those after injection, but the to tal volume of distribution (40%) was slightly larger (Kampmann, 1977). In another study, oral administration of a smaller dose of propyl thiouracil (200 mg) to six subjects showed a similar half-time, viz 1. In a study in which propylthiouracil was given as a single oral dose of 300 mg to eight healthy volunteers (five women and three men) in either the fasting state or after a standardized breakfast, absorption of the drug was found to be influenced by inter individual variation but to only a minor extent by food intake (Melander et al. The severity of hyperthroidism and prior exposure to propylthiouracil were reported to affect the rate of elimination after oral administration of 3 mg/kg bw to 10 women and seven men. In patients with mild to moderate hyperthyroidism, elimination of the first dose of propylthiouracil was faster than the elimination in the same individual after 1 month of therapy, whereas in patients with severe hyperthyroidism, elimination of the first dose was inhibited. In one person given 51 mg of [35S]propylthiouracil orally, propylthiouracil glucu ronide was the major excretion product (86%) in urine between 0 and 6 h, whereas at 8. The average fetal:maternal serum ratio of radiolabel, obtained for two women, was 0. Six pregnant hyperthyroid women were given an oral dose of 100 mg of propylthiouracil. The serum profiles of the drug during the third trimester of pregnancy were qualitatively similar to those in non pregnant women, but the concentrations were consistently lower in the late third trimester than those seen post partum. The cord serum concentrations were higher than those in maternal serum collected simultaneously (Gardner et al. In isolated, perfused, term human placentae, propylthiouracil at doses of 4 and 40 fig/mL in either a protein-free perfusate or a perfusate containing 40 g/L bovine serum albumin readily crossed the placenta and reached equilibrium within 2 h. The binding of propylthiouracil to bovine serum albumin, measured by ultrafiltration, was 94. The transfer of propylthiouracil was similar to that of methimazole (Mortimer et al. Between 75% and 90% of the administered radiolabel was excreted in the urine and approximately 15% in the bile. Of six interstitial cell types, only Leydig cells showed an increased mi to tic labelling index in male pups of rat dams given propylthiouracil at 0. The to tal number of Leydig cells in the testes of 180-day-old male offspring of dams given propylthiouracil at 0. A similar doubling of the number of Leydig cells was reported in 135-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats made hypothyroid by the addition of 0. In parallel with the morphological delay, luteinizing hormone stimulated androstenedione production from testis in vitro increased from day 14 to day 21 in samples from controls but not in those from propylthiouracil-treated rats (Mendis-Handagama et al.