Karen Barnard, MBBCh
- Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine
https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/karen-barnard-mbbch
We intend to continue to develop additional products anxiety symptoms of the heart cheap tofranil 75 mg fast delivery, both independently and with strategic collaborators anxiety girl cartoon tofranil 75mg, initially in 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs anxiety meds generic 50 mg tofranil with mastercard, and medical aesthetics markets and subsequently in other high value markets anxiety 7 year old daughter order tofranil 75 mg visa, based on our rhCollagen. Recently, we initiated development of injectable and 3D bioprinted breast implants. Our product pipeline and our research and development program are expected to yield new products in the coming years. We continually seek to expand our knowledge of plant-based protein production systems and introduce improvements into our process. We are shifting production to an enhanced line of tobacco plants with higher collagen yield, along with improvements in the growing and cultivation process as well as collagen extraction and purification. As tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to evolve and expand, we expect that the demand for high-quality biomaterials will grow. We have developed rhCollagen-based BioInks that are optimized and provides an ideal building block for the three-dimensional bioprinting of tissues and organs. The unique viscosity and shear thinning properties of the modified rhCollagen enable the formulation of BioInks that are suitable for different printing technologies including extrusion, ink-jet, Laser Induced Forward Transfer and Stereolithography. The control of chemical modification in combination with illumination energy allows tight control of the physical properties of the resulting scaffolds to match natural tissue properties, from stiff cartilage to soft adipose. BioInks formulated from rhCollagen were evaluated with all major currently available printing technologies and exhibited the required physical properties and excellent support for cells including a series of primary and differentiated human cells. These collaborations include development of technology for 3D bioprinting of life-saving organs and different tissues, such as cornea, using our BioInk formulations. Our collaborations are generally structured such that our partners provide research funding and purchasing of our BioInk to cover the scope of work, in part or in full. This funding is typically reflected as collaboration revenues in our financial statements. Upon entering into a collaboration, we disclose the financial details only to the extent that they are material to our business and not subject to confidentiality agreements with our partners. Research collaborations with academic or research institutions typically involve both us and the academic partner contributing resources directly to projects, but also may involve sponsored research agreements where we fund specific research programs. Other than under the United License Agreement, CollPlant has agreed not to conduct, enable or fund any research, development or commercialization, or grant any license, with respect to the Covered Products during the term of the United License Agreement, unless with respect to any Option Product, the option is not exercised and the right of first refusal period expires. The United License Agreement provides for the payment of an upfront cash payment of $5 million to CollPlant, which was paid to us in November 2018 following effectiveness of the United License Agreement. In addition, the United License Agreement provides for a one-time non-refundable option payment of $3 million per Option Product ($9 million in the aggregate), and up to $30 million of milestone payments payable as follows: (i) $5 million upon completion of the U. Unless earlier terminated, the United License Agreement will continue in effect on a Covered Product-by-Covered Product and country-by-country basis until the later of (i) the expiration, invalidation or abandonment of the last CollPlant patent covering a Covered Product in a particular country, and (ii) 12 years from the first commercial sale of such Covered Product in such country. The United License Agreement may be terminated early by either party for material breach or bankruptcy. On January 13, 2020, we announced a Joint Development Agreement with 3D Systems Corporation, pursuant to which we and 3D Systems agreed to jointly develop tissue and scaffold bioprinting processes for third party collaborators. Skin rejuvenation procedures are increasing in popularity, especially nonsurgical treatments such as dermal filler injections. Hyaluronic acid is a water-retaining molecule widely used for dermal filling, but on its own, lacks the ability to promote cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. The combination of hyaluronic acid with a photocurable version of our tissue regenerating rhCollagen, serves as the basis for a new dermal filler product line now in development. We are developing a photocurable regenerative filler comprised of rhCollagen and hyaluronic acid which is intended to provide several revolutionary effects: lifting, sculpturing ability, retention to the host tissue, and tissue regeneration. The photocurable regenerative dermal filler is intended for injection in a semiliquid phase and hardened in-situ post injection by light illumination through the skin. Utilization of photocuring technology is expected to ease the injection process, particularly in subcutaneous and supraperiosteal applications. As the hyaluronic acid and rhCollagen degrade, a newly formed tissue is expected to regenerate and take their place. Patent and Trademark Office for photocurable dermal fillers comprised of rhCollagen and hyaluronic acid, for the aesthetics market. In February 2019, we supplied the first material order of our rhCollagen to a leading company in the aesthetics market, and since then we have been selling rhCollagen for development of medical aesthetics products to that company. We believe that rising awareness and acceptance regarding several cosmetic procedures in developed and developing regions, coupled with increasing disposable income, is expected to drive forward the dermal filler market size. We believe that an expanding geriatric population across the globe seeking anti-aging and wrinkle treatment is expected to have a significant impact on segmental growth, and that an accelerating demand for numerous beauty enhancement procedures is expected to further support facial line correction segment growth. Breast implants Current breast reconstruction is based on synthetic breast implantation and free flap surgery/autologous fat tissue transfer, all of which replace tissue rather than regenerate it. Breast augmentation and reconstruction through silicone implants, which are among the most popular surgical procedures, are associated with high risk for adverse events. Another procedure increasing in popularity for relatively small volume breast augmentation is an injectable scaffold composed of autologous fat tissue injected into the desired location for volume fill (fat transfer). The clinical outcome of this procedure is however quite limited due to a significant volume loss after a relatively short period. We are advancing the development of injectable and 3D bioprinted breast implants for regeneration of breast tissue, aimed to overcome these challenges and provide a revolutionary alternative to the current practices. Injectable implants Injectable implants composed of rhCollagen, additional materials and fat cells taken from the patient are intended to promote breast tissue regeneration. The specific compositions are designed to support the viability and function of the autologous fat cells, and to attract cells to promote tissue regeneration. The scaffold is designed to gradually degrade and be replaced by newly grown natural breast tissue that is free of any foreign material. These implants are intended to promote tissue regeneration and degrade in synchronization with the development of a natural breast tissue. In August 2019, our proprietary rhCollagen-based regenerative breast implants program accelerated and we launched an animal study during the first quarter of 2020. Platelets contain growth factors that are responsible for stimulating tissue generation and repair, including soft tissue repair, bone regeneration, development of new blood vessels, and stimulation of the wound healing process. Globally, the aging population is playing a major role in increasing the incidence of sports injuries as the reduced flexibility and mobility associated with aging can make the body more prone to injury. Tennis elbow is an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. The trial, which commenced in January 2015, initially enrolled 20 patients and was expanded to enroll an additional 20 patients. In November 2016, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Arthrex GmbH in Munich, Germany, an affiliate of Arthrex, Inc. The indications included injuries in rotator cuff, Achilles tendon, peroneal tendon, tibialis tendon and common extensor tendon. In all treatment groups, patientrecorded-pain decreased after 2 weeks and continued along this trend up to the last follow-up at 6 months. Specifically for rotator cuff and common extensor tendon groups, the functionality was increased over the study period, almost achieving pre-symptom levels after 6 months. Other flowable gel products are available on the market, but they are based on tissue-derived collagen. MedTech Europe has reported there are an estimated 4 million individuals with wounds in the European Union per year. Product performance was examined according to several measures, the main one being the percentage of wound closure achieved. The results were published in February 2019 in Wounds, a peer-reviewed journal focusing on wound care and wound research. Four weeks following treatment, nine wounds closed completely, fifteen wounds exhibited a greater than 70% closure, and the median wound area reduction was 94%. Further, no significant device-related adverse events were reported throughout the study. Technology Our rhCollagen is based upon research conducted by our founder and Chief Scientist, Prof. We believe our technology is the only viable technology available for the production of recombinant type I human collagen, the most abundant collagen in the human body. The production of our rhCollagen begins with the creation of genetically engineered cultures that are transferred to selected greenhouses across Israel and continues with the harvesting of tobacco leaves and the processing of such leaves to an extract which then undergoes purification until the completion of the rhCollagen.
Most are painless and grow slowly anxiety 7 year old daughter buy tofranil 75mg low price, and several cases clear up spontaneously anxiety low blood pressure purchase tofranil 25 mg free shipping, without the need for 10 treatment anxiety essential oils tofranil 25 mg otc. Therefore anxiety symptoms for teens purchase genuine tofranil on line, cutaneous leishmaniasis tends to be considered a benign disease, especially when compared to life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, a leishmaniasis skin lesion might cause pain, especially when it gets secondarily infected with fungi or bacteria, which sometimes comes with a swollen, festering, and smelly appearance. Also, having a sore that, as days go by, expands towards the sides and the depth of the skin, is not only disturbing and uncomfortable but might also trigger feelings of disgust on oneself and others. Although some lesions can heal by themselves without any pharmaceutical treatment, there are also chronic (non-healing) ulcers lasting several years and often not responding to drugs (see Fernandez et al. At WorldLeish, the largest international conference on leishmaniasis taking place in 2017 in Toledo, a couple of scientists used the image of an iceberg to represent the place of asymptomatic patients in the current biomedical understanding of the disease. While the small and visible tip of the iceberg corresponded to the cases that are detectable to the eye in clinical practice, the large part submerged, unseen, and little-studied represented the asymptomatic cases. Although diffuse and mucosal leishmaniasis are often recognized as two additional forms of the disease, they are commonly understood as under and over-responsive presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively (R. Diffuse leishmaniasis is characterized by multiple and widely disseminated lesions on the skin that do not form ulcers. Mucosal leishmaniasis is seen as a form of the disease that is 27 exclusively restricted to Latin America, occurring when the Leishmania parasites from a skin lesion migrate through blood or lymphatic vessels to mucous membranes, especially those of the nose, mouth, and throat. This migration process or metastasis can take place simultaneously with the appearance of the skin lesion, or years after the ulcer has healed. Leishmaniasis is considered endemic in 98 countries, with 58,000 cases of visceral 12 leishmaniasis and 220,000 of cutaneous leishmaniasis per year worldwide. Six countries have more than 90% of all visceral leishmaniasis cases: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Brazil. And 70 to 75% of the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases are found in 10 countries: Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Algeria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia (Alvar et al. While there is a large gap in terms of scholarly works studying the social and political history of leishmaniasis, some scientists have produced internalist accounts about the people involved in the establishment of leishmaniasis as a medical category during the British occupation of India (see, for example, Dutta, 2008; Gibson, 1983; Steverding, 2017; Vincent, 2017). Significantly, concerns about kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) among the British became th prominent when in the late 19 -century tea plantation workers were highly affected by this disease in northeast India, resulting in loss of revenue and profit for the British government (Dutta 2008). Thus, several researchers were appointed to investigate the etiology of the disease and determine if it was just another bad form of malaria or something different. The scientific description of the association between Leishmania parasites and kalaazar (visceral leishmaniasis) in 1903 is attributed primarily to Lieutenant General William Leishman. He was a Scottish military physician who, after serving for the British Army in India, became part of the medical staff at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Netley, England. There, Leishman noticed unknown parasites in smears taken post-mortem from the spleen of a soldier who had been in Calcutta and published his observations in 1903. In 1904, Leishman associated this visceral leishmaniasis parasite with similar ones found in skin sores by J. Further descriptions of other Leishmania parasites causing either the deadly (visceral) or the non-deadly (cutaneous) forms of leishmaniasis followed. In the American continent, different Leishmania parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis started to be described and named in 1911. Similarly, the disease itself has also been historically named according to spatial and imperial references. Even today, in several parts of the world, cutaneous leishmaniasis is known by names that perpetuate and give primacy to colonial imaginaries attached to particular people and geographies. In the American continent, cutaneous leishmaniasis has been primarily seen as an occupational disease affecting mostly men who enter or live in close contact with the selva because of the economic activity they are involved in (Weigle et al. In Mexico, for instance, the disease is known as ulcera del chiclero, highlighting how it has predominantly affected workers who tap rubber [chicle] trees. The vast majority (95-98 %) of all leishmaniasis cases in Colombia correspond to cutaneous leishmaniasis. While visceral leishmaniasis also occurs in the country, this form of the disease accounts for less than 1. Although this dissertation is primarily concerned with cutaneous leishmaniasis, I will occasionally talk about mucosal leishmaniasis. As I already mentioned, this form of the disease is understood as a complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis that is unique to Latin America and is considered more dangerous because of the mutilations and deformations it can cause to the nose, mouth, and throat. Thus, this study of leishmaniasis and its war entanglements in Colombia dialogues with a growing list of works dealing with the past and current entanglements between colonialism, scientific research, and international (or global) 14 health. In biomedical accounts, tourism, military operations, and immigration from developing and leishmaniasis-endemic countries to developed and non-endemic ones, 15 have been described as a growing risk. For example, epidemiologists have attributed a major epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan to the civil war that took place between 19832005 (Berry and Berrang-Ford 2016; J. In Iraq, war and instability are believed to be responsible for the increase in the number of visceral leishmaniasis cases (Jacobson 2011; Majeed et al. The largest outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan have taken place in Kabul refugee camps between 2002 and 2007, and the persistence of the disease has been attributed to the constant migration of people as a result of war (Aagaard-Hansen, Nombela, and Alvar 2010). While several outbreaks of leishmaniasis have taken place in the Middle East, for the most part linked to war-associated population migration, the frequency and magnitude of outbreaks in the region have markedly increased with the Syrian war (Alawieh et al. Several articles also report the drastic rise of leishmaniasis cases within foreign troops operating in the Middle East, especially among members of the U. As such, the relation between war and leishmaniasis in Colombia cannot be disassociated from broader connections between these two phenomena in other places. While the mechanisms and actors involved in war-leishmaniasis entanglements in other contexts significantly differ from the particularities I have traced in Colombia, connections can be established between localities, especially in light of global health regulations and discourses shaping them. As the first in-depth ethnographic study of leishmaniasis and the first work in the social sciences investigating the relationship between this disease and the 32 Colombian armed conflict, this dissertation contributes to filling a large gap in scholarship.
The initial boundary value problem for this model is given below: fiS/fia + fiS/fit = fifi(a anxiety vs heart attack generic tofranil 50 mg overnight delivery, t)S fi d(a)S anxiety symptoms zoloft cheap generic tofranil canada, fi fi fi(a anxiety low blood pressure order tofranil 25mg on-line, t)= b(a)fib(fia)I(fia anxiety 800 numbers generic 25mg tofranil mastercard, t)dafi U(fia, t)da,fi 0 0 (6. The boundary fi values at age 0 are all zero except for the births given by S(0,t)= 0 f(a)U(a, t)da. The population is partitioned into n age groups as in the demographic model in section 4. The subscripts i denote the parts of the epidemiologic classes in the ith ai age interval [aifi1,ai], so that Si(t)= a S(a, t)da, etc. The total in the four epidemiologic classes for the ith age group is the size N (t)=eqtP of i i the ith group, which is growing exponentially, but the age distribution P1,P2. Because the numbers are all growing exponentially by eqt, the fractions of the population in the epidemiologic classes are of more interest than the numbers in these epidemiologic classes. Here we follow the same procedure used in the continuous model to find an expression for the basic reproduction number R0. When the expressions for ei and iifi1 are substituted into the expression for i in (6. Now the expressions for i and fi = kb can be substituted into this j=1 j j i i i last summation to obtain n fij bj bjfi1 b1 (6. Here the feasible region is the subset of the nonnegative orthant in the 4n-dimensional space with the class fractions in the ith group summing to Pi. In the Liapunov derivative Vfi, choose the fi coeficients so that the e terms cancel out by letting i i fin = finfin/fifin and fijfi1 =(fijfi1fijfi1 + cjfi1fij)/fifijfi1 for finfi1. Using s fi P, n n n jfi1 jfi1 j jfi1 jfi1 nfi1 1 i i we obtain Vfi fi (R fi1) fib i fi 0ifR fi 1. The set where Vfi = 0 is the boundary of 0 j j 0 the feasible region with ij = 0 for every j, but dij/dt = fijej on this boundary, so that ij moves ofi this boundary unless ej = 0. Thus if R0 fi 1, then the diseasefree equilibrium is asymptotically stable in the feasible region. If R0 > 1, then we have V>fi 0 for points suficiently close to the disease-free equilibrium with s close to P and i i ij > 0 for some j, so that the disease-free equilibrium is unstable. A deterministic compartmental mathematical model has been developed for the study of the efiects of heterogeneous mixing and vaccination distribution on disease transmission in Africa [133]. This study focuses on vaccination against measles in the city of Naimey, Niger, in sub-Saharan Africa. The rapidly growing population consists of a majority group with low transmission rates and a minority group of seasonal urban migrants with higher transmission rates. Demographic and measles epidemiological parameters are estimated from data on Niger. The fertility rates and the death rates in the 16 age groups are obtained from Niger census data. From measles data, it is estimated that the average period of passive immunity 1/fi is 6 months, the average latent period 1/fi is 14 days and the average infectious period 1/fi is 7 days. From data on a 1995 measles outbreak in Niamey, the force of infection fi is estimated to be the constant 0. A computer calculation using the demographic and epidemiological parameter values in the formula (6. Recall from section 1 that the replacement number R is the actual number of new cases per infective during the infectious period. R can be approximated by computing the sum over all age groups of the daily incidence times the average infectious period times the fraction surviving the latent period, and then dividing by the total number of infectives in all age groups, so that 16 1 fi j=1fijsjPj fi + dj + q fi + dj + q R fi=. This contact number fi is approximated by computing the product of the sum of the daily incidences when all contacts are assumed to be with susceptibles times the average infectious period, and dividing by the total number of infectives. The average age of infection can be approximated in the measles computer simulations by the quotient of the sum of the average age in each age group times the incidence in that age group and the sum of the incidences. This model is plausible because the age distribution of the Niger population is closely approximated by a negative exponential [133]. Using this d value and the fertilities in the Lotka characteristic equation for discrete age groups (4. Recall that the replacement number R is 1 at the endemic equilibrium for this model. Thus in this population nearly every mother is infected with 0 measles before childbearing age, so almost every newborn child has passive immunity. This result is confirmed by the measles computer simulations for Niger, in which herd immunity is not achieved when all children are vaccinated at age 9 months. However, these estimates of R0 are not realistic, because pertussis gives only temporary immunity and spreads by heterogeneous mixing. In the age-structured epidemiologic models developed specifically for pertussis [105, 106], there are 32 age groups. Using fertilities and death rates from United States census information for 1990, the value of q in (4. Thus the age distribution in the pertussis models is assumed to have become stable with a constant population size. More details and graphs of the actual and theoretical age distributions are given in [105]. Immunity to pertussis is temporary, because the agent Bordetella pertussis is bacterial, in contrast to the viral agents for measles, mumps, and rubella. As the time after the most recent pertussis infection increases, the relative immunity of a person decreases. When people become infected again, the severity of their symptoms and, consequently, their transmission efiectiveness. Of course, infected people who were previously fully susceptible are generally the most efiective transmitters. In the age-structured pertussis models [105, 106], the epidemiological classes include a susceptible class S, an infective class I, a class R4 of those removed people with very high immunity, and classes R3, R2, and R1 for those with decreasing immunity. In the two pertussis models, there are three or four levels of infectivity and 32 age groups, so that not all infectives are equally efiective in creating new infectives [106]. Infectives in those age groups that mix more with other age groups are more efiective transmitters than those in age groups that mix less. In the next paragraph, we explain why averaging over age groups is necessary, but averaging over classes with difierent infectivities is not appropriate. The occurrence of the first infection in a fully susceptible population seems to be an unpredictable process, because it depends on random introductions of infectious outsiders into the host population. The probability that a first infection occurs in the host population depends on the infectivity of the outside invader, on how the invader (with a mixing activity level based on its age group) mixes in the host population, and the length of time that the invader is in the population. It is clear that outside invaders from high infectivity classes and high mixing activity age groups are more likely to create a first new infection in a host population, especially if they are in the population for their entire infectious period. We believe that the definition of R0 should not depend on the circumstances under which an outsider creates a first case, but on whether or not an infection with a first case can persist in a fully susceptible population. After the first infection in the host population, the infected people in the next generations could be less efiective transmitters, so that the infection would die out. Thus the definition of R0 should be based on the circumstances under which a disease with a first case would really invade a fully susceptible host population more extensively. Thus R0 should be the number of secondary cases produced by averaging over all age groups of the infectives that have not been previously infected. Because all of the cases in the first generations of an invasion occur in fully susceptible people, only infectives who were previously fully susceptible are relevant. The fertilities fj, death rate constants dj, and transfer rate constants cj are determined in the demographic model. The form of separable mixing used in the pertussis model is proportionate mixing, which has activity levels lj in each of the 32 age groups. The activity levels lj are found from the forces of infection fij and the infective fractions i, as explained in Appendix C of [105]. Then b = fib = l /D1/2, where j j j j 32 D = j=1 ljPj is the total number of people contacted per unit time.
Allowable indoor operative temperatures for spaces that meet these criteria may be determined from Figure 5 anxiety symptoms dogs cheap tofranil online master card. The 80% acceptability limits are for typical applications and shall be used when other information is not available anxiety eating 25 mg tofranil fast delivery. The 90% acceptability limits may be used when a higher standard of thermal comfort is desired anxiety burning sensation purchase 25 mg tofranil fast delivery. It is most likely that some of the premises within a building development will be subject to higher than average external heat gains anxiety in spanish purchase tofranil 75mg on line, with consequent higher internal temperatures during summer months. Those premises at more exposed facades will suffer from adverse winter conditions. It is appropriate to examine the detailed thermal performance of the most susceptible premises, and based on detailed analysis employ mitigation measures, such as changes in fabric design and other solar control strategies. When air-conditioning is likely to be installed the type, rating and installation of units should be such as to provide for control over thermal comfort conditions over the range of thermal loads that are likely to arise. In practice, a completely unobstructed horizontal plane may be difficult to achieve in the Hong Kong urban environment and the roof of the building may be a good approximation to an unobstructed horizontal plane. The two illuminance meters should be read simultaneously and the ratio of the illuminance on the window and the illuminance on the unobstructed horizontal plane is taken as the vertical daylight factor. Given that the specified sky condition can be difficult to obtain in practice the following modelling methods are acceptable alternatives. The values of the parameters shall reflect the nature and type of surfaces on the external vertical obstructions and horizontal surfaces, and likely internal finishes. The room dimensions shall be taken to be a typical perimeter room for the building, be it a habitable room, office, classroom, etc. This can result in significantly reductions in natural light, and will incur increased electricity consumption for artificial lighting, and degradation of internal comfort and health conditions. It is possible to take into account the overshadowing by adjacent buildings using appropriate design tools. Calculation fo Mean Daylight Factor in a Building Interior Within a Dense Urban Environment. The internal daylight levels depend also on the window size and configuration and the transmission property of the window glazing. Daylight penetration in side lit rooms is limited to a shallow perimeter area adjacent to the window. For deep rooms, the back of the room looks gloomy unless some advanced daylight redistribution systems such as light shelves exist in the room. As the focus is on lighting for comfort and productivity, lighting for performing arts, display decoration, ambience. Compliance with the assessment criteria shall be demonstrated either by measurements using a standardised measurement protocol appropriate to the parameter being assessed, and/or by modelling (calculation), providing the calculation method or software used is based on a standardised method, and uses data/assumptions appropriate to the circumstances. Notwithstanding, demonstration of compliance with a) requires that the maintained illuminance take into account the influence on light output by adjacent air-conditioning or ventilation fixtures, and the lighting maintenance plan (the period for luminaire cleaning and group re-lamping) appropriate to the circumstances [5]. Colour appearance (correlated colour temperature) can be checked from the lamp labels or by measurement using a colour meter. Air diffusers located near to fluorescent luminaires with open lamp compartments may result in cool air blowing over the lamps directly causing decrease light output and lamp efficacy. The design details should demonstrate that the cool air from diffusers will not adversely impact on lamp performance. The calculated maintained illuminance will then be checked for compliance with the recommendations given in Section 2. The uniformity and diversity can be calculated according to that described in Section 4. The calculated uniformity (minimum to average illuminance) over any task area and immediate surround should not be less than 0. The calculated glare index shall be checked for compliance with the recommendations given in Section 2. Lighting quality is a complicated 6 the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. It is also related to economics and the environment in respect of the installation, maintenance and operation of the lighting system. Proper lighting maintenance (clean lamps and luminaires, lamps replaced periodically to avoid the depreciation) is important to maintain good lighting quality throughout the whole life of the lighting installation. The report shall detail the design criteria and the results of measurements or other means demonstrating compliance. This section deals with the lighting quality and maintenance aspects of lighting systems provided in both common areas and service areas of a building. The Client shall define the criteria appropriate to the type and use of the premises/rooms in the building. However, for the purposes of assessment account should be taken of the criteria given below. Likewise, where criteria appropriate to the type and use of premises/spaces is not stated herein, the Client shall provide evidence as to the suitability of the criteria adopted. The Client shall submit details in the form of a report prepared by a suitably qualified person providing a schedule of the premises and spaces in the building, relevant design details as they impact on acoustical properties, the rooms/premises subject to field tests or for which detailed calculations have been made, the acoustical criteria used, underlying assumptions, and the results of tests or calculations demonstrating compliance with the criteria. Where it can be demonstrated that the acoustical quality in a sample of each type of room in which speech intelligibility is important, as measured or calculated, meets appropriate performance criteria the credit shall be awarded. Acoustics Measurement of the reverberation time of rooms with reference to other acoustical parameters. Criteria from standards and guides from authoritative sources should be referenced. Whilst the matter of room acoustics is complex, and defining performance by a single indicator is problematic, an important acoustical measurement is the reverberation time. It is used to determine how quickly sound decays in a room, and offers a relatively simple assessment of acoustical design. It set criteria for good acoustical quality while the design guidelines and standards established in other countries can also be considered. Whilst reverberation time continues to be regarded as a significant parameter, there is reasonable agreement than other types of measurements are needed for a more complete evaluation of acoustical quality of rooms. However, the offices type premises, residential premises, hotel and apartment there seems to be little available in the way of standards or guides. Standard Test Method for Objective Measurement of Speech Privacy in Open Offices Using Articulation Index. The Client shall submit details in the form of a report prepared by a suitably qualified person providing a schedule of the premises and spaces in the building, the noise isolation criteria adopted, relevant structural details as they impact on noise isolation, the rooms/premises subject to field tests or for which detailed calculations have been made, underlying assumptions, and the results of tests or calculations demonstrating compliance with the criteria (expressed in parameters that are consistent with the test and/or calculation methods). Where it can be demonstrated that airborne noise isolation, as measured or calculated for the most susceptible spaces/rooms/premises, meets appropriate performance criteria the credit shall be awarded.
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